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Mantan senator Tom Coburn dari Amerika Serikat pada 2017 membahas Persetujuan Paris dan menyangkal konsensus ilmiah tentang pemanasan global buatan manusia. Coburn mengklaim bahwa kenaikan permukaan laut tidak lebih dari 5 mm dalam 25 tahun, dan menegaskan bahwa sekarang terjadi pendinginan global. Pada 2013 dia berkata, "Saya adalah penyangkal pemanasan global. Saya tidak menyangkal hal itu."^[1]

Penyangkalan perubahan iklim, atau penyangkalan pemanasan global, adalah bagian dari kontroversi pemanasan global. Ini melibatkan penyangkalan, atau keraguan yang tidak beralasan yang bertentangan dengan konsensus ilmiah tentang perubahan iklim, termasuk sejauh mana itu disebabkan oleh manusia, dampaknya pada alam dan masyarakat, atau potensi adaptasi perubahan iklim dengan tindakan manusia.^[2]^[3]^[4] Beberapa orang yang menyangkal mendukung istilah tersebut, sementara yang lain lebih menyukai istilah skeptisisme perubahan iklim.^[3] Beberapa ilmuwan telah mencatat bahwa "skeptisisme" adalah deskripsi yang tidak akurat untuk mereka yang mennyangkal pemanasan global antropogenik.^[5]^[6]^[7] Penyangkalan terhadap perubahan iklim juga bisa bersifat implisit, ketika individu atau kelompok sosial menerima sains mengenai perubahan iklim tetapi gagal untuk menerimanya atau menerjemahkan penerimaan mereka ke dalam tindakan.^[8] Beberapa studi ilmu sosial telah menganalisis posisi ini sebagai bentuk denialisme.^[9]^[10] dan pseudosains.^[11]

Kampanye untuk melemahkan kepercayaan publik terhadap ilmu tentang perubahan iklim telah disebut sebagai "mesin penyangkalan" yang diatur oleh kepentingan industri, politik dan ideologis, dan didukung oleh media konservatif dan blogger skeptis untuk membuat-buat ketidakpastian tentang pemanasan global.^[12]^[13]^[14]

Politik pemanasan global telah dipengaruhi oleh penyangkalan perubahan iklim, merongrong upaya untuk melakukan mitigasi perubahan iklim atau beradaptasi dengan iklim yang memanas.^[15]^[16]^[17] Mereka yang mempromosikan penyangkalan umumnya menggunakan taktik retorika untuk memberikan kesan kontroversi ilmiah meskipun sebenarnya tidak ada kontroversi.^[18]^[19]

Kampanye terorganisir untuk melemahkan kepercayaan publik dalam ilmu iklim dikaitkan dengan kebijakan ekonomi konservatif dan didukung oleh kepentingan industri yang bertentangan dengan regulasi emisi karbon dioksida.^[20] Penyangkalan perubahan iklim telah dikaitkan dengan lobi bahan bakar fosil, Koch bersaudara, advokat industri dan wadah pemikir konservatif, sering kali di Amerika Serikat.^[16]^[21]^[22]^[23] Lebih dari 90% makalah yang skeptis terhadap perubahan iklim berasal dari wadah pemikir sayap kanan.^[24]

Sejak akhir 1970-an, perusahaan minyak bumi telah menerbitkan riset yang secara luas sejalan dengan pandangan standar tentang pemanasan global. Meskipun demikian, perusahaan minyak melakukan kampanye penyangkalan perubahan iklim untuk menyebarluaskan disinformasi publik selama beberapa dekade, sebuah strategi yang telah dibandingkan dengan penyangkalan terorganisir terhadap bahaya merokok tembakau oleh industri tembakau.^[25]^[26]^[27]

Referensi

^ Brown, Alex (27 August 2013). "Tom Coburn Labels Himself a "Global Warming Denier"". The Atlantic. Diakses tanggal 23 October 2017. citing TulsaWorld [archived article]
^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama ncse-pillars
^ ^a ^b "Why Is It Called Denial?". National Center for Science Education. 2016-01-15. Diakses tanggal 21 January 2016.
^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Powell2012
^ Björnberg, Karin Edvardsson; et al. (2017). "Climate and environmental science denial: A review of the scientific literature published in 1990-2015". Journal of Cleaner Production. 167: 229–241. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.08.066.
^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Washington p2
^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama O'Neill Boykoff 2010
^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama NCSE implicit
^ Dunlap 2013, hlm. 691–698: "There is debate over which term is most appropriate… Those involved in challenging climate science label themselves "skeptics"… Yet skepticism is…a common characteristic of scientists, making it inappropriate to allow those who deny AGW to don the mantle of skeptics…It seems best to think of skepticism-denial as a continuum, with some individuals (and interest groups) holding a skeptical view of AGW…and others in complete denial"
^ Timmer 2014
^ Sven Ove Hansson: Science denial as a form of pseudoscience. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 63, (2017), 39-47, doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.05.002.
^ Vaidyanathan 2014.
^ Dunlap 2013, hlm. 691–698: "From the outset, there has been an organized "disinformation" campaign… to "manufacture uncertainty" over AGW … especially by attacking climate science and scientists … waged by a loose coalition of industrial (especially fossil fuels) interests and conservative foundations and think tanks … often assisted by a small number of 'contrarian scientists. … greatly aided by conservative media and politicians … and more recently by a bevy of skeptical bloggers. This 'denial machine' has played a crucial role in generating skepticism toward AGW among laypeople and policy makers "
^ Begley 2007: "ICE and the Global Climate Coalition lobbied hard against a global treaty to curb greenhouse gases, and were joined by a central cog in the denial machine: the George C. Marshall Institute, a conservative think tank. .... the denial machine—think tanks linking up with like-minded, contrarian researchers"
^ Dunlap 2013: "Even though climate science has now firmly established that global warming is occurring, that human activities contribute to this warming… a significant portion of the American public remains ambivalent or unconcerned, and many policymakers (especially in the United States) deny the necessity of taking steps to reduce carbon emissions…From the outset, there has been an organized "disinformation" campaign… to generate skepticism and denial concerning AGW."
^ ^a ^b Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama freeman351
^ Painter & Ashe 2012: "Despite a high degree of consensus amongst publishing climate researchers that global warming is occurring, and that it is anthropogenic, this discourse, promoted largely by non-scientists, has had a significant impact on public perceptions of the issue, fostering the impression that elite opinion is divided as to the nature and extent of the threat."
^ Hoofnagle, Mark (30 April 2007). "Hello Science blogs (Welcome to Denialism blog)". "Denialism is the employment of rhetorical tactics to give the appearance of argument or legitimate debate, when in actuality there is none. These false arguments are used when one has few or no facts to support one's viewpoint against a scientific consensus or against overwhelming evidence to the contrary. They are effective in distracting from actual useful debate using emotionally appealing, but ultimately empty and illogical assertions. Examples of common topics in which denialists employ their tactics include: Creationism/Intelligent Design, Global Warming denialism …" and "5 general tactics are used by denialists to sow confusion. They are conspiracy, selectivity (cherry-picking), fake experts, impossible expectations (also known as moving goalposts), and general fallacies of logic."
^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Deithelm McKie
^ Klein, Naomi (9 November 2011). "Capitalism vs. the Climate". The Nation. Diakses tanggal 2 January 2012.
^ Dunlap 2013: "The campaign has been waged by a loose coalition of industrial (especially fossil fuels) interests and conservative foundations and think tanks… These actors are greatly aided by conservative media and politicians, and more recently by a bevy of skeptical bloggers."
^ David Michaels (2008) Doubt is Their Product: How Industry's Assault on Science Threatens Your Health.
^ Hoggan, James; Littlemore, Richard (2009). Climate Cover-Up: The Crusade to Deny Global Warming. Vancouver: Greystone Books. ISBN 978-1-55365-485-8. Diakses tanggal 19 March 2010. See, e.g., p31 ff, describing industry-based advocacy strategies in the context of climate change denial, and p73 ff, describing involvement of free-market think tanks in climate-change denial.
^ Xifra, Jordi (2016). "Climate Change Deniers and Advocacy: A Situational Theory of Publics Approach". American Behavioral Scientist. 60 (3): 276–287. doi:10.1177/0002764215613403.
^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama NYT-20151105
^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama TG-20150708
^ 'Shell knew': oil giant's 1991 film warned of climate change danger, The Guardian

Daftar pustaka

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Begley, Sharon (13 August 2007). "The Truth About Denial". Newsweek. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 21 October 2007. (MSNBC single page version, archived 20 August 2007)
Björnberg, Karin Edvardsson; et al. (2017). "Climate and environmental science denial: A review of the scientific literature published in 1990-2015". Journal of Cleaner Production. 167: 229–241. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.08.066.
Boslough, Mark (5 December 2014). "Deniers are not Skeptics". Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. Diakses tanggal 7 July 2015.
Brown, R. G. E., Jr. (23 October 1996). "Environmental science under siege: Fringe science and the 104th Congress, U. S. House of Representatives." (PDF). Report, Democratic Caucus of the Committee on Science. Washington, D. C.: U. S. House of Representatives. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 26 September 2007.
CBC News: the fifth estate (2007). "The Denial Machine". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 12 March 2007. Diakses tanggal 29 July 2015.
Conway, Erik; Oreskes, Naomi (2010). Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming. USA: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1-59691-610-4.
Diethelm, Pascal; McKee, Martin (January 2009). "Denialism: what is it and how should scientists respond?" (PDF). European Journal of Public Health. 19 (1): 2–4. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckn139. PMID 19158101.
Dunlap, Riley E; McCright, Aaron M. (2011). Climate Change Denial: Sources, actors, and strategies. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-54478-8.
Dunlap, Riley E. (2013). "Climate Change Skepticism and Denial: An Introduction". American Behavioral Scientist. 57 (6): 691–698. doi:10.1177/0002764213477097. Diakses tanggal 27 May 2015.
Dunlap, Riley E.; McCright, Aaron M. (2011). "Organised Climate Change Denial". Dalam Dryzek, John S.; Norgaard, Richard B.; Schlosberg, David. The Oxford Handbook of Climate Change and Society. Oxford University Press. hlm. 153. ISBN 978-0-19-956660-0.
Dunlap, R. E.; Jacques, P. J. (2013). "Climate Change Denial Books and Conservative Think Tanks: Exploring the Connection". American Behavioral Scientist. 57 (6): 699–731. doi:10.1177/0002764213477096. PMC 3787818 . PMID 24098056.
Gelbspan, Ross (December 1995). "The heat is on: The warming of the world's climate sparks a blaze of denial". Harper's Magazine. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 7 March 2016. Diakses tanggal 2 June 2015.
Gelbspan, Ross (1 January 1997). The Heat is on: The High Stakes Battle Over Earth's Threatened Climate. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-201-13295-3.
Gelbspan, Ross (1998). The heat is on : the climate crisis, the cover-up, the prescription. Reading, Mass: Perseus Books. ISBN 978-0-7382-0025-5.
Hamilton, Clive (7 April 2011). Requiem for a Species: Why We Resist the Truth about Climate Change. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-84977-498-7.
Jacques, P.J.; Dunlap, Riley E.; Freeman, M. (2008). "The organisation of denial: Conservative think tanks and environmental scepticism". Environmental Politics. 17 (3): 349–385. doi:10.1080/09644010802055576.
Jenkins, Stephen H. (2015). Tools for Critical Thinking in Biology. Oxford University Press. hlm. 229, 243. ISBN 9780199981045.
Kemp, Jeremy; Milne, Richard; Reay, Dave S. (2010). "Sceptics and deniers of climate change not to be confused". Nature. 464 (7289): 673. Bibcode:2010Natur.464..673K. doi:10.1038/464673a. PMID 20360714. Diakses tanggal 7 September 2015.
Lever-Tracy, Constance (2010). Routledge Handbook of Climate Change and Society. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-203-87621-3.
Mooney, Chris (2005). The Republican war on science. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-04675-1.
National Center for Science Education (5 January 2012). "Why Is It Called Denial?". National Center for Science Education. Diakses tanggal 2 June 2015.
National Center for Science Education (4 June 2010). "Climate change is good science". National Center for Science Education. Diakses tanggal 21 June 2015.
Nerlich, Brigitte (2010). "'Climategate': Paradoxical Metaphors and Political Paralysis". Environmental Values. 19 (4): 419–442. doi:10.3197/096327110x531543. Diakses tanggal 4 July 2015.
Orlóci, L. (2008). "Vegetation displacement issues and transition statistics in climate warming cycle". Community Ecology. 9 (1): 83–98. doi:10.1556/comec.9.2008.1.10. Diakses tanggal 29 July 2015.
Painter, James; Ashe, Teresa (2012). "Cross-national comparison of the presence of climate scepticism in the print media in six countries, 2007". Environ. Res. Lett. 7 (4): 044005. Bibcode:2012ERL.....7d4005P. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/044005. Diakses tanggal 27 May 2015.
Powell, James Lawrence (1 December 2012). The Inquisition of Climate Science. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-15719-3.
Rennie, John (30 November 2009). "Seven Answers to Climate Contrarian Nonsense". Scientific American.
Timmer, John (16 December 2014). "Skeptics, deniers, and contrarians: The climate science label game". Ars Technica.
Vaidyanathan, Gayathri (2014). "What Have Climate Scientists Learned from 20-Year Fight with Deniers?". Scientific American.
Washington, Haydn (2013). Climate Change Denial: Heads in the Sand. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-53004-3.
Weart, Spencer R. (July 2007). "Roger Revelle's Discovery". The Discovery of Global Warming. American Institute of Physics. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-06-29. Diakses tanggal 18 July 2015.
Weart, Spencer R. (February 2015). "The Public and Climate, cont". The Discovery of Global Warming. American Institute of Physics. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2010-05-04. Diakses tanggal 2 June 2015.
Weart, Spencer R. (June 2015). "Government: The View from Washington, DC". The Discovery of Global Warming. American Institute of Physics. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-06-29. Diakses tanggal 18 July 2015.
Weart, Spencer (2011). "Global warming: How skepticism became denial" (PDF). Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 67 (1): 41–50. doi:10.1177/0096340210392966. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 10 June 2015.

Bacaan lebih lanjut

Kathy Mulvey (January 2017). "Tillerson Refuses to Acknowledge ExxonMobil's Efforts to Deceive the Public on Climate Change Diarsipkan 2017-07-09 di Wayback Machine."
Hausfather, Zeke (January 2017). No 'Pause' in Global Warming: Oceans Heating Up and Sea Levels Rising at Alarming Pace Diarsipkan 2017-01-13 di Wayback Machine.. "Details the findings of a new report that confirms NOAA data about climate change."
David Kaiser and Lee Wasserman (December 2016). "Part 1" and "Part 2," New York Review of Books
"Frontline: Climate of Doubt". PBS. 23 October 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-25.
"Dealing in Doubt: The climate denial industry and climate science - a brief history of attacks on climate science, climate scientists and the IPCC". Greenpeace. 24 March 2010. Diakses tanggal 22 September 2014.
Bowen, Mark (2008). Censoring Science: Dr. James Hansen and the Truth of Global Warming. Plume. ISBN 0-452-28962-9
McCright, Aaron M.; Dunlap, Riley E. (2003). "Defeating Kyoto: The Conservative Movement's Impact on U.S. Climate Change Policy" (PDF). Social Problems. 50 (3): 348–373. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.189.3388 . doi:10.1525/sp.2003.50.3.348.
Shearer, Christine (2011). "Kivalina: A Climate Change Story" Haymarket Books. ISBN 978-1-60846-128-8

[Brown_2013-1] Brown, Alex (27 August 2013). "Tom Coburn Labels Himself a "Global Warming Denier"". The Atlantic. Diakses tanggal 23 October 2017. citing TulsaWorld [archived article]

[ncse-pillars-2] Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama ncse-pillars

[NCSE-why-denial-3] "Why Is It Called Denial?". National Center for Science Education. 2016-01-15. Diakses tanggal 21 January 2016.

[Powell2012-4] Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Powell2012

[auto-5] Björnberg, Karin Edvardsson; et al. (2017). "Climate and environmental science denial: A review of the scientific literature published in 1990-2015". Journal of Cleaner Production. 167: 229–241. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.08.066.

[Washington_p2-6] Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Washington p2

[O'Neill_Boykoff_2010-7] Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama O'Neill Boykoff 2010

[NCSE_implicit-8] Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama NCSE implicit

[continuum-9] Dunlap 2013, hlm. 691–698: "There is debate over which term is most appropriate… Those involved in challenging climate science label themselves "skeptics"… Yet skepticism is…a common characteristic of scientists, making it inappropriate to allow those who deny AGW to don the mantle of skeptics…It seems best to think of skepticism-denial as a continuum, with some individuals (and interest groups) holding a skeptical view of AGW…and others in complete denial"

[Timmer-10] Timmer 2014

[11] Sven Ove Hansson: Science denial as a form of pseudoscience. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 63, (2017), 39-47, doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.05.002.

[FOOTNOTEVaidyanathan2014-12] Vaidyanathan 2014.

[denial_machine-13] Dunlap 2013, hlm. 691–698: "From the outset, there has been an organized "disinformation" campaign… to "manufacture uncertainty" over AGW … especially by attacking climate science and scientists … waged by a loose coalition of industrial (especially fossil fuels) interests and conservative foundations and think tanks … often assisted by a small number of 'contrarian scientists. … greatly aided by conservative media and politicians … and more recently by a bevy of skeptical bloggers. This 'denial machine' has played a crucial role in generating skepticism toward AGW among laypeople and policy makers "

[Newsweek_denial_machine-14] Begley 2007: "ICE and the Global Climate Coalition lobbied hard against a global treaty to curb greenhouse gases, and were joined by a central cog in the denial machine: the George C. Marshall Institute, a conservative think tank. .... the denial machine—think tanks linking up with like-minded, contrarian researchers"

[15] Dunlap 2013: "Even though climate science has now firmly established that global warming is occurring, that human activities contribute to this warming… a significant portion of the American public remains ambivalent or unconcerned, and many policymakers (especially in the United States) deny the necessity of taking steps to reduce carbon emissions…From the outset, there has been an organized "disinformation" campaign… to generate skepticism and denial concerning AGW."

[freeman351-16] Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama freeman351

[public-success-17] Painter & Ashe 2012: "Despite a high degree of consensus amongst publishing climate researchers that global warming is occurring, and that it is anthropogenic, this discourse, promoted largely by non-scientists, has had a significant impact on public perceptions of the issue, fostering the impression that elite opinion is divided as to the nature and extent of the threat."

[18] Hoofnagle, Mark (30 April 2007). "Hello Science blogs (Welcome to Denialism blog)". "Denialism is the employment of rhetorical tactics to give the appearance of argument or legitimate debate, when in actuality there is none. These false arguments are used when one has few or no facts to support one's viewpoint against a scientific consensus or against overwhelming evidence to the contrary. They are effective in distracting from actual useful debate using emotionally appealing, but ultimately empty and illogical assertions. Examples of common topics in which denialists employ their tactics include: Creationism/Intelligent Design, Global Warming denialism …" and "5 general tactics are used by denialists to sow confusion. They are conspiracy, selectivity (cherry-picking), fake experts, impossible expectations (also known as moving goalposts), and general fallacies of logic."

[Deithelm_McKie-19] Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Deithelm McKie

[klein2011-20] Klein, Naomi (9 November 2011). "Capitalism vs. the Climate". The Nation. Diakses tanggal 2 January 2012.

[21] Dunlap 2013: "The campaign has been waged by a loose coalition of industrial (especially fossil fuels) interests and conservative foundations and think tanks… These actors are greatly aided by conservative media and politicians, and more recently by a bevy of skeptical bloggers."

[Michaels-22] David Michaels (2008) Doubt is Their Product: How Industry's Assault on Science Threatens Your Health.

[Hoggan-23] Hoggan, James; Littlemore, Richard (2009). Climate Cover-Up: The Crusade to Deny Global Warming. Vancouver: Greystone Books. ISBN 978-1-55365-485-8. Diakses tanggal 19 March 2010. See, e.g., p31 ff, describing industry-based advocacy strategies in the context of climate change denial, and p73 ff, describing involvement of free-market think tanks in climate-change denial.

[24] Xifra, Jordi (2016). "Climate Change Deniers and Advocacy: A Situational Theory of Publics Approach". American Behavioral Scientist. 60 (3): 276–287. doi:10.1177/0002764215613403.

[NYT-20151105-25] Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama NYT-20151105

[TG-20150708-26] Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama TG-20150708

[27] 'Shell knew': oil giant's 1991 film warned of climate change danger, The Guardian

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Referensi

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