Nikomedia

Nicomedia
Ilustrasi Nikomedia, 1882
LokasiTurki
WilayahProvinsi Kocaeli
Koordinat40°45′45″N 29°55′03″E / 40.76250°N 29.91750°E / 40.76250; 29.91750

Nikomedia (bahasa Yunani: Νικομήδεια, Nikomedeia; kini İzmit, Turki) adalah kota yang didirikan pada tahun 712/11 SM sebagai koloni orang-orang Megara. Awalnya kota ini dikenal dengan nama Astacus (Yunani Kuno: Αστακός, "lobster").[1] Setelah dihancurkan oleh Lysimachus,[2] kota ini dibangun kembali oleh Nicomedes I dari Bithynia pada tahun 264 SM dengan nama Nikomedia. Semenjak itu, Nikomedia menjadi salah satu kota terpenting di Asia Kecil barat laut.

Pada masa kekuasaan Romawi, Nikomedia merupakan metropolis di Bithynia. Kaisar Diokletianus menjadikan kota ini ibu kota Romawi Timur pada tahun 286 setelah ia memperkenalkan sistem tetrarki. Nikomedia tetap menjadi ibu kota timur hingga co-kaisar Licinius dikalahkan oleh Konstantinus yang Agung dalam Pertempuran Chrysopolis (Üsküdar) tahun 324. Nikomedia menjadi ibu kota ad interim hingga Konstantinus menyatakan Byzantium (selanjutnya diganti namanya menjadi Konstantinopel) sebagai ibu kota pada tahun 330. Setelah pendirian Konstantinopel, Nikomedia tetap memegang posisi yang penting, apalagi letaknya berada pada jalur yang mengarah ke ibu kota baru.[3]

Sayangnya, gempa bumi besar pada tanggal 24 Agustus 358 menghancurkan Nikomedia. Hal ini semakin diperburuk oleh kebakaran. Nikomedia dibangun kembali, tetapi dengan skala yang lebih kecil.[4] Pada abad ke-6, pada masa kekuasaan Kaisar Yustinianus I, kota ini diperluas dengan bangunan-bangunan baru. Nikomedia menjadi pusat militer yang berperan penting dalam operasi militer Romawi Timur karena posisinya yang berada pada jalan menuju ibu kota.[5]

Dari tahun 840-an hingga selanjutnya, Nikomedia menjadi ibu kota thema Optimatoi. Pada masa itu, sebagian besar kota telah ditinggalkan. Ibn Khurdadhbih mendeskripsikannya sebagai reruntuhan. Permukiman yang ada terbatas pada benteng di puncak bukit.[5] Pada tahun 1080-an, kota ini menjadi basis militer utama Alexios I Komnenos dalam peperangannya melawan Seljuk. Tentara Salib Pertama dan Kedua juga pernah berkemah di kota ini. Kota ini dikuasai oleh Kekaisaran Latin antara tahun 1204 hingga 1240. Selanjutnya, Romawi Timur menguasainya selama beberapa abad. Akan tetapi, setelah kekalahan Romawi Timur dalam Pertempuran Bapheus tahun 1302, kota ini terancam oleh serangan Kesultanan Utsmaniyah. Nikomedia dua kali diblokade oleh Utsmaniyah (tahun 1304 dan 1330) sebelum akhirnya jatuh pada tahun 1337.[5]

Referensi

  1. ^ Guide to Greece By Pausanias, Peter Levi Page 232 ISBN 0-14-044225-1
  2. ^ The Hellenistic settlements in Europe, the islands, and Asia Minor By Getzel M. Cohen Page 400 ISBN 0-520-08329-6
  3. ^ See C. Texier, Asie mineure (Paris, 1839); V. Cuenet, Turquie d'Asie (Paris, 1894).
  4. ^ See Ammianus Marcellinus 17.7.1-8
  5. ^ a b c Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991), Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, hlm. 1483–1484, ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6 

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