Mulatto

Mulatto
Jumlah populasi
Brasil: 42 juta ^[1] Kuba: 2,8 juta^[2] Republik Dominika: 4,8 juta Afrika Selatan: 4,6 juta (2011)^[3] Britania Raya: ~600.000 (2011)^[4] Amerika Serikat: 1,8 juta (2010)^[5] Tidak ada sensus seluruh dunia resmi
Daerah dengan populasi signifikan
Amerika Latin, Caribbean, Amerika Serikat, Afrika Selatan, Angola, Brasil, Tanjung Verde, Mozambik, Guinea-Bissau, Kepulauan Mascarene, Britania Raya, Prancis, Portugal, Namibia
Bahasa
Portugis, Spanyol, Inggris, Prancis, Belanda, Afrikaans, bahasa-bahasa kreol, dan lain-lain.
Kelompok etnik terkait
Bangsa Afrika, Eropa (sebagian besar Britania, Irlandia, Prancis, Iberia, dan Belanda), dan Amerika Asli

Mulatto adalah sebuah istilah yang awalnya digunakan untuk menyebut orang yang dari satu orang tua kulit hitam dan satu orang tua kulit putih, atau orang yang lahir dari orang tua mulatto. Istilah tersebut sekarang umumnya dipakai dalam konteks sejarah, dan orang campuran kulit putih dan hitam pemakai bahasa Inggris jarang memilih untuk mengidentifikasi diri mereka sendiri sebagai "mulatto".^[6]

Referensi

Catatan

Kutipan

^ Pardo Brasil (kelompok Pardo meliputi Mulatto namun juga Mestizo, Castizo, Eurasia, dan Gipsi)
^ Demografi Kuba
^ Demografi Afrika Selatan
^ Campuran (kategori etnisitas Britania Raya)
^ 2010 US census p.5
^ White Americans Admixture Serving History; "The Ancestry of Brazilian mtDNA Lineages" National Library of Medicine, NIH; "Y-STR diversity and ethnic admixture in White and Mulatto Brazilian population samples" Scielo.

Bacaan tambahan

McNeil, Daniel (2010). Sex and Race in the Black Atlantic: Mulatto Devils and Multiracial Messiahs. Routledge.
Sweet, Frank W. (2005). Legal History of the Color Line: The Rise and Triumph of the One-Drop Rule. Backintime Publishing.
Tenzer, Lawrence Raymond (1997). The Forgotten Cause of the Civil War: A New Look at the Slavery Issue. Scholars' Pub. House.
Talty, Stephan (2003). Mulatto America: At the Crossroads of Black and White Culture: A Social History. HarperCollins Publishers Inc.
Gatewood, Willard B. (1990). Aristocrats of Color: The Black Elite, 1880-1920. Indiana University Press.
Eguilaz y Yanguas, Leopoldo (1886). Glosario de las palabras españolas (castellanas, catalanas, gallegas, mallorquinas, portuguesas, valencianas y bascongadas), de orígen oriental (árabe, hebreo, malayo, persa y turco) (dalam bahasa Spanish). Granada: La Lealtad.
Freitag, Ulrike; Clarence-Smith, William G., ed. (1997). Hadhrami Traders, Scholars and Statesmen in the Indian Ocean, 1750s-1960s. Social, Economic and Political Studies of the Middle East and Asia. 57. Leiden: Brill. hlm. 392. ISBN 90-04-10771-1. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-06-28. Diakses tanggal 2008-07-14. Engseng Ho, an anthropologist, discusses the role of the muwallad in the region. The term muwallad, used primarily in reference to those of "mixed blood", is analyzed through ethnographic and textual information.
Freitag, Ulrike (December 1999). "Hadhrami migration in the 19th and 20th centuries". The British-Yemeni Society. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2000-07-12. Diakses tanggal 2008-07-14.
Myntti, Cynthia (1994). "Interview: Hamid al-Gadri". Yemen Update. American Institute for Yemeni Studies. 34 (44): 14–9. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-06-18. Diakses tanggal 2008-07-14.
Williamson, Joel (1980). New People: Miscegenation and Mulattoes in the United States. The Free Press.

Pranala luar

Lihat entri mulatto di kamus bebas Wiktionary.

A Brief History of Census “Race”
Surprises in the Family Tree
The Mulatto Factor in Black Family Genealogy
Dr. David Pilgrim, "The Tragic Mulatto Myth", Jim Crow Museum, Ferris State University
At "Race Relations" Diarsipkan 2009-03-10 di Wayback Machine., in-depth research links on Mulattoes, About.com
Encarta's breakdown of Mulatto people( Diarsipkan 2008-05-17 di Wayback Machine. 2009-11-01)
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Mulatto". Encyclopædia Britannica (edisi ke-11). Cambridge University Press.

l b s Kelompok Hispanik dan Latino Amerika
Caribbean	Kuba Dominika Puerto Riko Nuyorican
Amerika Utara	Hispano Californio Nuevomexicano Tejano Orang Kreol di Louisiana Isleño Meksiko Chicano Meksiko Asli Punjabi
Amerika Tengah	Kosta Rika Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Salvador
Amerika Selaran	Argentina Bolivia Brasil Chili Kolombia Ekuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela
Eropa	Spanyol Asturia Basque Catalan Kanari Galisia Yahudi
Kelompok rasial	Seluruh grup Indian Amerika/Amerika Asli Asia Kulit hitam Kulit putih Multirasial Quadroon Castizo "Cholo" Mestizo Mulatto Pardo Zambo
Grup linguistik	Hispanik Portugis
Kelompok etnis dan agama	Kristen Garifuna Muslim
Kelompok etnis terkait	Belize Guyana Haiti Portugis Suriname

Istilah Casta untuk miskegenasi di Amerika Spanyol

Orangtua	Orang kulit hitam	———	Orang semenanjung	———	Orang semenanjung	———	Amerindian	———	Orang kulit hitam
		↓		↓		↓		↓
Generasi ke-1		mulato		criollo		mestizo		zambo
		↓		↓		↓		↓
Generasi ke-2 (dengan satu orangtua Spanyol)		morisco		criollo		castizo		moreno
Generasi ke-2 (dengan salah satu orangtua Amerindian)		chino		mestizo		cholo		cambujo
Generasi ke-2 (dengan salah satu orangtua kulit hitam)		negro fino		mulato		cimarrón		prieto

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