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Metode D'Hondt

Metode D'Hondt atau metode Jefferson adalah metode rata-rata tertinggi yang digunakan untuk menentukan pembagian kursi di parlemen. Di Amerika Serikat, metode ini dinamai dari Thomas Jefferson yang memperkenalkan metode ini untuk pembagian kursi di Dewan Perwakilan Amerika Serikat pada tahun 1791. Sementara itu, di Eropa, metode ini digagas oleh matematikawan Belgia Victor D'Hondt pada tahun 1878.

Metode ini dirancang untuk memastikan agar pembagian kursi dapat dilakukan seproporsional mungkin.[1] Bila dibandingkan dengan metode Sainte-Laguë, metode ini cenderung menguntungkan partai-partai besar.[2][3][4][5]

Wilayah-wilayah yang menggunakan sistem ini adalah Albania, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Belgia, Bulgaria, Kamboja, Cape Verde, Chile, Colombia, Kroasia, Republik Ceko, Denmark, Republik Dominika, Timor Leste, Ekuador, Estonia, Fiji, Finlandia, Guatemala, Hungaria, Islandia, Israel, Jepang, Kosovo, Luksemburg, Makedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Belanda, Irlandia Utara, Paraguay, Peru, Polandia, Portugal, Rumania, Skotlandia, Serbia, Slovenia, Spanyol, Turki, Uruguay dan Wales.

Pembagian kursi

Setelah semua suara sah telah dihitung, kuotien setiap partai dihitung dengan menggunakan rumus ini:[6][1]

  • V adalah jumlah suara yang diperoleh partai, dan
  • s adalah jumlah kursi yang telah diberikan kepada suatu partai, awalnya 0 untuk semua partai

Maka jumlah suara yang diperoleh setiap partai akan dibagi dengan angka satu, kemudian dua, lalu tiga, dan seterusnya hingga mencapai jumlah kursi yang diperebutkan di suatu daerah pilihan. Sebagai contoh, bayangkan terdapat empat partai yang memperebutkan delapan kursi di daerah pilihan Kota Bebek. Berikut adalah metode pembagiannya:

Denominator 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Kursi yang
dimenangkan (*)
Proporsi sesungguhnya
(sebagai perbandingan)
Partai A 100.000* 50.000* 33.333* 25.000* 20.000 16.666 14.286 12.500 4 3,4
Partai B 80.000* 40.000* 26.666* 20.000 16.000 13.333 11.428 10.000 3 2,8
Partai C 30.000* 15.000 10,000 7.500 6.000 5.000 4.286 3.750 1 1,1
Partai D 20.000 10.000 6.666 5.000 4.000 3.333 2.857 2.500 0 0,7

Catatan kaki

  1. ^ a b Gallagher, Michael (1991). "Proportionality, disproportionality and electoral systems" (PDF). Electoral Studies. 10 (1). doi:10.1016/0261-3794(91)90004-C. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (pdf) tanggal November 16, 2013. Diakses tanggal 30 January 2016. 
  2. ^ Pukelsheim, Friedrich (2007). "Seat bias formulas in proportional representation systems" (PDF). 4th ECPR General Conference. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 7 February 2009. 
  3. ^ Schuster, Karsten; Pukelsheim, Friedrich; Drton, Mathias; Draper, Norman R. (2003). "Seat biases of apportionment methods for proportional representation" (pdf). Electoral Studies. 22 (4). doi:10.1016/S0261-3794(02)00027-6. 
  4. ^ Benoit, Kenneth (2000). "Which Electoral Formula Is the Most Proportional? A New Look with New Evidence" (pdf). Political Analysis. 8 (4): 381–388. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.pan.a029822. 
  5. ^ Lijphart, Arend (1990). "The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws, 1945-85". The American Political Science Review. 84 (2): 481–496. doi:10.2307/1963530. 
  6. ^ Lijphart, Arend (2003), "Degrees of proportionality of proportional representation formulas", dalam Grofman, Bernard; Lijphart, Arend, Electoral Laws and Their Political Consequences, Agathon series on representation, 1, Algora Publishing, hlm. 170–179, ISBN 9780875862675 . See in particular the section "Sainte-Lague", pp. 174–175.

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