Martabat

Martabat, harkat atau muruah adalah hak seseorang untuk dihargai dan dihormati dan diperlakukan secara etis. Martabat merupakan konsep yang penting dalam bidang moralitas, etika, hukum, dan politik, dan berakar dari konsep hak-hak yang melekat pada diri manusia dan tidak dapat dicabut dari Abad Pencerahan. Istilah ini juga dapat digunakan untuk mendeskripsikan tindakan pribadi, contohnya dalam istilah "perilaku bermartabat".

Konsep martabat terdiri dari unsur-unsur berikut:[1]

  1. Subjek martabat (siapa yang dianggap memiliki nilai yang harus diakui)
  2. Sumber martabat (dari mana nilai tersebut berasal)
  3. Status terhormat yang terkait dengan martabat tersebut
  4. Jenis penghormatan yang harus diberikan

Sejarah

Jack Donnelly menjelaskan bahwa terdapat perbedaan antara "manusia secara normatif" dan "manusia secara taksonomis". "Manusia secara normatif" berarti orang tersebut memiliki sifat-sifat tertentu (seperti nalar, jiwa, atau kebajikan) yang membuatnya harus diakui dan dihormati. Sementara itu, "manusia secara taksonomis" mengacu kepada makhluk dengan sifat-sifat biologis tertentu. Konsep "martabat manusia" pada zaman modern mengasumsikan bahwa "manusia secara normatif" sama dengan "manusia secara taksonomis". Di sisi lain, pada zaman pra-modern, konsep "martabat" hanya berlaku untuk "manusia secara normatif", atau manusia yang dianggap memiliki sifat-sifat tertentu.[1]

Pada tahun 44 SM, Cicero dalam karyanya, De Officiis, berpendapat bahwa manusia derajatnya lebih tinggi daripada hewan. Menurutnya, hewan tidak bisa berpikir dan terdorong dengan insting untuk mencari kenikmatan sensual, sementara manusia bisa belajar dan bermeditasi. Menurutnya "kenikmatan sensual sangat tidak layak bagi martabat manusia (dignam hominis). Mengingat manusia memiliki martabat, Cicero meyakini bahwa hidup dalam kemewahan dan kegairahan merupakan hal yang salah, sementara hidup hemat, sederhana, dan tidak mabuk merupakan hal yang benar.[2]

Referensi

  1. ^ a b Donnelly 2015, hlm. 2.
  2. ^ Donnelly 2015, hlm. 2-3.

Pranala luar

Wikiversity memiliki bahan belajar tentang Martabat
Wikiquote memiliki koleksi kutipan yang berkaitan dengan: Martabat.
Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Dignity.

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