Makam Dinasti Ming

Aula Changling di komplek makam Kaisar Yongle

Makam Dinasti Ming adalah sebuah kompleks pemakaman yang dibangun khusus untuk penguasa Dinasti Ming di Tiongkok.[1] Komplek pemakaman Ming dianggap sebagai salah satu pemakaman yang terbesar di dunia selain Piramida Mesir kuno. Di dalam satu lokasi yang sama, terdapat sebanyak 13 makam kaisar serta beberapa komplek khusus untuk para permaisuri.

Sejarah

Rencana membuat pemakaman dimulai sejak Kaisar Yongle memutuskan untuk pindah ke Beijing. Ia memilih sebuah lokasi tetap sebagai komplek pemakaman para penguasanya kelak. Kaisar Yongle sangat mementingkan pemujaan terhadap leluhur. Lokasi ini berjarak 45 km di sebelah timur laut Beijing. Makam dibangun menurut prinsip geomansi (fengshui), yang menempatkan bangunan selaras dengan keadaan lingkungan di sekitarnya. Sebuah jalan yang menghubungkan tiap makam dimulai dari arah selatan menuju sebuah gerbang makam kaisar pertama, Yongle Changling. Di dekat Yongle Changling berdiri puncak bukit yang tertinggi. Makam kaisar yang lain, semuanya disusun di bagian timur dan barat situs makam pertama.

Arsitektur

Dibangun menurut prinsip "memperlakukan orang mati seperti orang yang masih hidup", bangunan-bangunan yang didirikan di komplek makam didasarkan pada arsitektur istana yang sesungguhnya. Gedung khusus untuk ritual pada makam Changling, contohnya merupakan replika nyata dari aula terbesar di Kota Terlarang. Sampai abad ke-20 keduanya masih menjadi aula yang terbesar di Tiongkok. Perencanaan satu makam didasarkan pada konsep "langit bundar dan bumi persegi" tersusun atas gedung aula yang diberi warna cerah dan halaman gedung dimana upacara dilaksanakan. Sebuah bukit buatan yang ditanami pepohonan dibuat melapisi ruang bawah tanah yang berisi peti mati.

Aula Changling yang direstorasi pada tahun 1950, merupakan gedung tertua di komplek makam. Upacara untuk kaisar-kaisar diselenggarakan di tempat ini sampai tahun 1924 ketika Kaisar Tiongkok terakhir, Puyi, diasingkan.

Komplek makam

  • Changling: Yongle
  • Xianling: Hongxi
  • Jingling:Xuande
  • Yuling:Zhengtong
  • Maoling:Chenghua
  • Tailing:Hongzhi
  • Kangling:Zhengde
  • Yongling:Jiaqing
  • Dingling:Wanli
  • Qingling:Taichang
  • Deling:Tianqi
  • Siling:Chongzhen
  • Komplek istri dan selir

Ekskavasi dan pemeliharaan

Beberapa komplek yang rusak telah direstorasi seperti komplek Changling dan Zhaoling.[1] Komplek Dingling diekskavasi pada akhir tahun 1950-an. Sebagian besar situs yang rusak telah direstorasi pada zaman modern. Ekskavasi makam Kaisar Wanli, komplek Dingling dari tahun 1956-1958 di bawah Dr. Xia Nai menemukan sejumlah besar harta karun. Makam ini tidak pernah dijarah dan mempunyai beberapa jenis peninggalan kuno antara lain mahkota permata, helm militer dari emas, perhiasan batu giok, uang, kain sutera, dan sebagainya.

Referensi

  1. ^ a b (Inggris) Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-By-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. Thames & Hudson; First Edition edition. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3. 

Read other articles:

Francois Victor Alphonse Aulard

Francois Victor Alphonse Aulard(1893) BiografiKelahiran19 Juli 1849 Montbron Kematian23 Oktober 1928 (79 tahun)place de l'École (en) Tempat pemakamanBatignolles Cemetery (en) Data pribadiPendidikanLycée Louis-le-Grand École Normale Supérieure KegiatanSpesialisasiSejarah PekerjaanWartawan, historian of Modern Age (en), sejarawan, dosen dan penerjemah Bekerja diUniversitas Paris University of Poitiers (en) Partai politikRadical-Socialist and Radical Republican Party (en) MuridCharles-Louis ...

 

 

Jembatan Chinvat

Gambaran Jembatan Chinvat Jembatan Chinvat (bahasa Avesta: 𐬗𐬌𐬥𐬬𐬀𐬙𐬋 𐬞𐬈𐬭𐬈𐬙𐬏𐬨, translit. Cinvatô Peretûm, har. 'jembatan penghakiman' atau berbentuk balok jembatan, [ʧinva: t][1]) atau Jembatan Ganjaran [2] dalam Zoroastrianisme adalah jembatan pengayakan perbuatan[3] yang memisahkan dunia orang hidup dari dunia orang mati. Semua jiwa harus menyeberang jembatan ini setelah kematian. Penampilan Jembatan ber...

 

 

Strada statale 28 del Colle di Nava

Strada statale 28 del Colle di NavaLocalizzazioneStato Italia Regioni Piemonte Liguria Province Cuneo Imperia DatiClassificazioneStrada statale InizioInnesto la SS 20 presso Genola FineImperia Lunghezza140,942 km Provvedimento di istituzioneLegge 17 maggio 1928, n. 1094 GestoreANAS Manuale Il colle di Nava La strada statale 28 del Colle di Nava (SS 28) è una strada statale italiana. Inizia a Genola, dalla strada statale 20 del Colle di Tenda e di Valle Roja e, dopo p...

Cinta SMU

Cinta SMUGenre Drama Roman PembuatRapi FilmsBerdasarkanGita Cinta dari SMAoleh ArizalPemeran Nabila Syakieb Faisal Hisyam Hessel Steven Zaskia Adya Mecca Raeshard Octaviansha Asmirandah Romeo Mandala Shoji Alice Norin Natalie Sarah Novi Aulia Penggubah lagu temaLembu Wiworo JatiLagu pembukaGejolak Kawula Muda — Club 80'sLagu penutupGejolak Kawula Muda — Club 80'sPenata musikTommy P. Utomo (penata ilustrasi musik)Negara asalIndonesiaBahasa asliBahasa IndonesiaJmlh. musim2Jmlh. episo...

 

 

British MPs sponsored by mining unions

Several British members of Parliament have been sponsored by mining trade unions. Many were sponsored by the National Union of Mineworkers, its predecessor the Miners' Federation of Great Britain, and the local trade unions which preceded it. A small number of MPs were sponsored by other trade unions related to the mining industry, such as the Cumberland Iron Ore Miners' and Kindred Trades' Association, the North Wales Quarrymen's Union, and the National Association of Colliery Overmen, Deput...

 

 

Backdoor (computing)

Method of bypassing authentication or encryption in a computer A backdoor is a typically covert method of bypassing normal authentication or encryption in a computer, product, embedded device (e.g. a home router), or its embodiment (e.g. part of a cryptosystem, algorithm, chipset, or even a homunculus computer—a tiny computer-within-a-computer such as that found in Intel's AMT technology).[1][2] Backdoors are most often used for securing remote access to a computer, or obtai...

Battle of Czarnowo

1806 Battle during the War of the Fourth Coalition Battle of CzarnowoPart of the War of the Fourth CoalitionThe Russian army defended the line of the Wkra River.Date23 December 1806[1]LocationCzarnowo, Poland52°28′31″N 20°46′23″E / 52.475278°N 20.773056°E / 52.475278; 20.773056Result French victory[1]Belligerents French Empire Russian Empire Kingdom of PrussiaCommanders and leaders Napoleon Bonaparte Louis Davout Jean Bessières Pierre Auger...

 

 

Axmouth

Village in the United Kingdom Axmouth over R. Axe Audio recording of birds on the estuary, by Lawrence Shove, March 1966 St Michael's Church, Axmouth Axmouth is a village, civil parish and former manor in the East Devon district of Devon, England, near the mouth of the River Axe. The village itself is about 1 mile (1.6 km) inland, on the east bank of the Axe estuary. The parish extends along the estuary to the sea, and a significant distance to the east. The village is near Seaton and Be...

 

 

Scopas

4th century BCE Greek sculptor This article is about the ancient sculptor. For the ancient writer, see Agriopas. Head of the goddess Hygieia by Scopas from the temple of Athena Alea at Tegea (National Archaeological Museum of Athens) Scopas (Greek: Σκόπας; born in Paros, fl. 4th century BCE) was an ancient Greek sculptor and architect,[1][2] most famous for his statue of Meleager, the copper statue of Aphrodite, and the head of goddess Hygieia, daughter of Asclepius. Ear...

Turing machine

Computation model defining an abstract machine For other uses, see Turing machine (disambiguation). Turing machines Machine Turing machine equivalents Turing machine examples Turing machine gallery Variants Alternating Turing machine Neural Turing machine Nondeterministic Turing machine Quantum Turing machine Post–Turing machine Probabilistic Turing machine Multitape Turing machine Multi-track Turing machine Symmetric Turing machine Total Turing machine Unambiguous Turing machine Universal ...

 

 

Cobalt (magazine)

Japanese bimonthly magazine by Shueisha This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Cobalt magazine – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) CobaltThe February 2006 cover of Cobalt,featuring art by Reine Hibiki.EditorYayoi TamuraCatego...

 

 

Woodstock 40 Years On: Back to Yasgur's Farm

2009 live album by Various artistsWoodstock 40 Years On: Back to Yasgur's FarmLive album by Various artistsReleasedAugust 11, 2009 (2009-08-11)RecordedAugust 15, 16, & 17, 1969 at Woodstock Festival, Bethel, NYGenreRockLabelRhino RecordsProducerAndy Zax, Mason Williams and Cheryl PawelskiWoodstock albums chronology The Woodstock Experience(2009) Woodstock 40 Years On: Back to Yasgur's Farm(2009) Woodstock – Back to the Garden: 50th Anniversary Collection(2019) Woo...

Rowan Williams

Archbishop of Canterbury from 2003 to 2012 For the boxer, see Rowan Williams (boxer). The Right Reverend and Right HonourableThe Lord Williams of OystermouthPC FBA FRSL FLSWArchbishop of Canterbury Primate of All EnglandWilliams in 2007ChurchChurch of EnglandProvinceCanterburyDioceseCanterburyElected2 December 2002Installed27 February 2003Term ended31 December 2012 (retired)[1]PredecessorGeorge CareySuccessorJustin WelbyOther post(s)Archbishop of Wales (2000–2002) Bishop...

 

 

Annie Russell Theatre

United States historic placeAnnie Russell TheatreU.S. National Register of Historic Places Show map of FloridaShow map of the United StatesLocationWinter Park, FloridaCoordinates28°35′33″N 81°20′53″W / 28.59250°N 81.34806°W / 28.59250; -81.34806Built1932NRHP reference No.98000863[1]Added to NRHPJuly 15, 1998 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Annie Russell Theatre. The Annie Russell Theatre is a historic theater in Winter Park, Florida...

 

 

Fiat 2B

Car produced by Fiat from 1912 to 1920 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Fiat 2B – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Motor vehicle Fiat Tipo 2BOverviewManufacturerFiatProduction1912–192022 518 producedBody and chassisLa...

Liberty (Miliyah Kato album)

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Liberty Miliyah Kato album – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 2016 studio album by Miliyah KatoLIBERTYStandard edition/digital download coverStudio album by Miliyah KatoReleasedMar...

 

 

Kingdom of Candia

Crete under Venetian rule Kingdom of CandiaRegno de Càndia (Venetian)Βασίλειο της Κάντιας (Greek)1205–1667 Flag Coat of arms The Lion of Saint Mark, symbol of the Republic of Venice, standing guard over a map of CreteStatusColony of the Republic of VeniceCapitalCandiaCommon languagesGreek (Cretan Greek)VenetianLatinReligion Roman CatholicismGovernmentVenetian Colonial GovernmentDuke of Crete • 1209–1214 Giacomo Tiepolo (first)• 1667 Gir...

 

 

Electoral district of Geraldton

State electoral district of Western Australia For the Legislative Council constituency (1870–1890), see Electoral district of Geraldton (Legislative Council). Australian electorate GeraldtonWestern Australia—Legislative AssemblyLocation of Geraldton (dark green) in Western AustraliaStateWestern AustraliaDates current1890–presentMPLara DaltonPartyLaborNamesakeGeraldtonElectors26,767 (2021)Area4,229 km2 (1,632.8 sq mi)DemographicProvincialCoordinates28°46′S 114°40�...

Camp Aguinaldo

Barangay in Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines Camp General Emilio AguinaldoKampo Heneral Emilio AguinaldoQuezon City, Philippines General Headquarters Building of the AFP at Camp General Emilio Aguinaldo, Quezon City.TypeMilitary baseSite informationControlled by PhilippinesSite historyBuilt1935In use1935–presentMaterialsConcrete and MetalBattles/warsWorld War IIKorean WarVietnam WarGulf WarIraq WarOperation Enduring Freedom – PhilippinesGarrison informationCurrentcomm...

 

 

Trophée des champions 2021

Voce principale: Trophée des Champions. Trophée des champions 2021 Competizione Trophée des Champions Sport Calcio Edizione 45ª Organizzatore LFP Date 1º agosto 2021 Luogo  IsraeleTel Aviv Risultati Vincitore Lille(1º titolo) Secondo Paris Saint-Germain Statistiche Miglior giocatore Xeka[1] Incontri disputati 1 Gol segnati 1 (1 per incontro) Pubblico 29 000 (29 000 per incontro) Cronologia della competizione 2020 2022 Manuale Il Trophée des Champions 2...