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Penampilan artistik magnetopause Bumi. Magnetopause adalah tempat tekanan angin matahari dan medan magnet planet sama. Posisi Matahari akan jauh ke kiri pada gambar ini.

Magnetopause adalah batas magnetosfer yang memiliki ketebalan karakteristik 100 km (60 mil) dan berada di ruang antarplanet.^[1] Ini memisahkan plasma angin surya dan IMF dari bidang geomagnetik dan plasma yang terutama berasal dari bumi. Batas ini pertama kali diusulkan oleh Chapman dan Ferraro (1931).^[2]^[3]

Mekanisme

Magnetopause merupakan yang paling signifikan dalam magnetosfer karena mengendalikan fluks massa, energi, dan momentum baik ke dalam maupun ke luar sistem, dengan gerakan batas sehingga memiliki konsekuensi yang luas. Dinamika magnetopause, misalnya, dapat menyebabkan hilangnya elektron sabuk radiasi relativistik,^[4] menghasilkan arus yang selaras dengan medan yang mengarahkan energi ke ionosfer,^[5] dan meluncurkan berbagai mode gelombang frekuensi ultrarendah (ULF) magnetosfer,^[6]^[7] yang mentransfer energi angin matahari sendiri ke sabuk radiasi,^[8] aurora,^[9] dan daerah ionosfer.^[10] Pada skala waktu lebih dari ~ 6 menit, magnetopause Bumi merespons perubahan hulu secara kuasistatik untuk menjaga keseimbangan tekanan.^[11]

Transfer plasma

Teori klasik interaksi antara angin matahari dan magnetosfer memprediksi magnetopause menjadi batas yang tidak bisa ditembus yang memisahkan angin (~ 100 eV) padat (~ 30 cm - 3) plasma pada garis medan magnet magnetosheat dari plasma padat (keV) lemah (~ 0,3 cm - 3) pada garis medan magnet magtosfer. Tetapi pada kenyatannya, pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa lapisan batas plasma seperti magnetosheat dapat ditemukan tepat di seluruh wilayah magnetopause, termasuk magnetopause ekuator sisi malam,^[12] magnetopause sisi hari lintang rendah,^[13]^[14] dan magnetopause lintang tinggi.^[15]^[16] Survei statistik baru-baru ini menunjukkan bahwa lapisan ini terdapat pada lebih dari 90% dari semua perlintasan ekuator dan lintang tengah.^[17] Lapisan batas sering kali dibagi menjadi lapisan batas lintang tengah (LLBL), lapisan masuk di dekat katup kutub, dan mantel plasma (PM) di sepanjang garis lintang tinggi magnetotail. Beberapa laporan menunjukkan bahwa plasma semacam itu dapat dianati jauh di magnetosfer selama periode orientasi IMF yang sangat ke utara.^[18]^[19]^[20]

Arus

Secara kondestual, magnetopause dapat dianggap sebagai lembaran arus Chapman-Ferraro,^[21]^[22] di mana ion angin matahari dan elektron dibelokkan ke arah yang berlawanan oleh gradien magnetis ke zona transisi antara angin surya dan bidang geomagnetis. Dalam teori ini, ketebalan lembaran arus ditentukan oleh jari-jari giro lokal dari ion-ion yang membentuk arus dan idealnya tebal 1 giroradius. Kenyataannya gambaran ini terlalu sederhana karena terdapat plasma dan medan magnet di kedua sisi batas tersebut. Pengamatan telah menunjukkan bahwa ketebalan sebenarnya biasanya beberapa ion giroradius.^[16]^[23]^[24]

Referensi

^ "Definition of magnetopause | Dictionary.com". www.dictionary.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2020-12-02.
^ Heikkila, Walter J. (2011). Earth's Magnetosphere. Elsevier. hlm. 435–445. ISBN 978-0-444-52864-3.
^ "Magnetosphere | atmospheric science". Encyclopedia Britannica (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2020-12-02.
^ Li, Xinlin; Baker, D. N.; Temerin, M.; Cayton, T. E.; Reeves, E. G. D.; Christensen, R. A.; Blake, J. B.; Looper, M. D.; Nakamura, R. (1997-01). "Multisatellite observations of the outer zone electron variation during the November 3–4, 1993, magnetic storm". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 102 (A7): 14123–14140. doi:10.1029/97ja01101. ISSN 0148-0227.
^ Haerendel, Gerhard (1990). Physics of Magnetic Flux Ropes. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union. hlm. 539–553. ISBN 0-87590-026-7.
^ Plaschke, F. (2016-02-12). Low-Frequency Waves in Space Plasmas. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. hlm. 193–212. ISBN 978-1-119-05500-6.
^ Hwang, K.-J.; Sibeck, D. G. (2016-02-12). Low-Frequency Waves in Space Plasmas. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. hlm. 213–239. ISBN 978-1-119-05500-6.
^ Mann, Ian R.; Murphy, Kyle R.; Ozeke, Louis G.; Rae, I. Jonathan; Milling, David K.; Kale, Andy A.; Honary, Farideh F. (2013-03-28). Dynamics of the Earth's Radiation Belts and Inner Magnetosphere. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union. hlm. 69–92. ISBN 978-1-118-70475-2.
^ Mottez, Fabrice (2016). Low-Frequency Waves in Space Plasmas (dalam bahasa Inggris). American Geophysical Union (AGU). hlm. 121–138. doi:10.1002/9781119055006.ch8. ISBN 978-1-119-05500-6. ^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}
^ Rae, I. J.; Watt, C. E. J.; Fenrich, F. R.; Mann, I. R.; Ozeke, L. G.; Kale, A. (2007-01-02). "Energy deposition in the ionosphere through a global field line resonance". Annales Geophysicae. 25 (12): 2529–2539. doi:10.5194/angeo-25-2529-2007. ISSN 1432-0576.
^ Glassmeier, Karl-Heinz; Auster, Hans-Ulrich; Constantinescu, Dragoş; Fornaçon, Karl-Heinz; Narita, Yasuhito; Plaschke, Ferdinand; Angelopoulos, Vassilis; Georgescu, Edita; Baumjohann, Wolfgang (2008-05-07). "Magnetospheric quasi-static response to the dynamic magnetosheath: A THEMIS case study". Geophysical Research Letters. 35 (17). doi:10.1029/2008gl033469. ISSN 0094-8276.
^ Parker, Charles Thomas; Wigley, Sarah; Garrity, George M (2003-01-01). "Exemplar Abstract for Alcaligenes pacifus (sic) Baumann et al. 1972 (Approved Lists 1980), Alcaligenes pacificus corrig. Baumann et al. 1972 (Approved Lists 1980), Deleya pacifica (Baumann et al. 1972) Baumann et al. 1983 and Halomonas pacifica (Baumann et al. 1972) Dobson and Franzmann 1996". The NamesforLife Abstracts. Diakses tanggal 2020-12-02.
^ Parker, Charles Thomas; Mannor, Kara; Garrity, George M (2003-01-01). "Exemplar Abstract for Eubacterium dolichum Moore et al. 1976 (Approved Lists 1980), Absiella dolichum (Moore et al. 1976) Paek et al. 2017 and Amedibacillus dolichus (Moore et al. 1976) Ikeyama et al. 2020". The NamesforLife Abstracts. Diakses tanggal 2020-12-02.
^ Parker, Charles Thomas; Taylor, Dorothea; Garrity, George M (2003-01-01). "Exemplar Abstract for Acidovorax avenae citrulli (Schaad et al. 1978) Willems et al. 1992, Acidovorax citrulli (Schaad et al. 1978) Schaad et al. 2009, Pseudomonas avenae citrulli (Schaad et al. 1978) Hu et al. 1991 and Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes citrulli Schaad et al. 1978 (Approved Lists 1980)". The NamesforLife Abstracts. Diakses tanggal 2020-12-02.
^ Parker, Charles Thomas; Taylor, Dorothea; Garrity, George M (2003-01-01). "Exemplar Abstract for Microtetraspora fastidiosa (Soina et al. 1975) Kroppenstedt et al. 1991, Nonomuraea fastidiosa corrig. (Soina et al. 1975) Zhang et al. 1998, Nonomuria fastidiosa (sic) (Soina et al. 1975) Zhang et al. 1998 and Actinomadura fastidiosa Soina et al. 1975 (Approved Lists 1980)". The NamesforLife Abstracts. Diakses tanggal 2020-12-02.
^ ^a ^b Haaland, S.; Paschmann, G.; Sonnerup, B. U. Ö. (2006). "Comment on "A new interpretation of Weimer et al.'s solar wind propagation delay technique" by Bargatze et al". Journal of Geophysical Research. 111 (A6). doi:10.1029/2005ja011376. ISSN 0148-0227.
^ Weisz, John R.; Eastman, Karen L.; McCarty, Carolyn A. (1996-03). "Primary and Secondary Control in East Asia: Comments on Oerter et al. (1996)". Culture & Psychology. 2 (1): 63–76. doi:10.1177/1354067x9621004. ISSN 1354-067X.
^ Parker, Charles Thomas; Taylor, Dorothea; Garrity, George M (2003-01-01). "Exemplar Abstract for Saccharothrix coeruleoviolacea (Preobrazhenskaya et al. 1987) Kroppenstedt et al. 1991, Actinomadura coeruleoviolacea Preobrazhenskaya et al. 1987, Goodfellowiella coeruleoviolacea (Preobrazhenskaya et al. 1987) Labeda et al. 2008 emend. Nouioui et al. 2018 and Goodfellowia coeruleoviolacea (Preobrazhenskaya et al. 1987) Labeda and Kroppenstedt 2006". The NamesforLife Abstracts. Diakses tanggal 2020-12-02.
^ Parker, Charles Thomas; Taylor, Dorothea; Garrity, George M (2003-01-01). "Exemplar Abstract for Novosphingobium aromaticivorum (sic) (Balkwill et al. 1997) Takeuchi et al. 2001 emend. Hördt et al. 2020 pro synon. Sphingomonas aromaticivorans Balkwill et al. 1997, Novosphingobium aromaticivorans corrig. (Balkwill et al. 1997) Takeuchi et al. 2001 emend. Hördt et al. 2020 pro synon. Sphingomonas aromaticivorans Balkwill et al. 1997 and Sphingomonas aromaticivorans Balkwill et al. 1997". The NamesforLife Abstracts. Diakses tanggal 2020-12-02.
^ Parker, Charles Thomas; Taylor, Dorothea; Garrity, George M (2003-01-01). "Exemplar Abstract for Novosphingobium aromaticivorum (sic) (Balkwill et al. 1997) Takeuchi et al. 2001 emend. Hördt et al. 2020 pro synon. Sphingomonas aromaticivorans Balkwill et al. 1997, Novosphingobium aromaticivorans corrig. (Balkwill et al. 1997) Takeuchi et al. 2001 emend. Hördt et al. 2020 pro synon. Sphingomonas aromaticivorans Balkwill et al. 1997 and Sphingomonas aromaticivorans Balkwill et al. 1997". The NamesforLife Abstracts. Diakses tanggal 2020-12-02.
^ Chapman, S.; Ferraro, V. C. A. (1931). "A new theory of magnetic storms". Journal of Geophysical Research. 36 (3): 171. doi:10.1029/te036i003p00171. ISSN 0148-0227.
^ FERRARO, ARMANDO (1952-11). "L'Ipersessualita come Fattore Degenerogeno". American Journal of Psychiatry. 109 (5): 398–398. doi:10.1176/ajp.109.5.398. ISSN 0002-953X.
^ Kunisch, Hermann; Berchem, Theodor; Link, Franz, ed. (1982). "Literaturwissenschaftliches Jahrbuch". doi:10.3790/978-3-428-45192-0.
^ Kaufmann, Richard L.; Konradi, Andrei (1973-10-01). "Speed and thickness of the magnetopause". Journal of Geophysical Research. 78 (28): 6549–6568. doi:10.1029/ja078i028p06549. ISSN 0148-0227.

[1] "Definition of magnetopause | Dictionary.com". www.dictionary.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2020-12-02.

[2] Heikkila, Walter J. (2011). Earth's Magnetosphere. Elsevier. hlm. 435–445. ISBN 978-0-444-52864-3.

[3] "Magnetosphere | atmospheric science". Encyclopedia Britannica (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2020-12-02.

[4] Li, Xinlin; Baker, D. N.; Temerin, M.; Cayton, T. E.; Reeves, E. G. D.; Christensen, R. A.; Blake, J. B.; Looper, M. D.; Nakamura, R. (1997-01). "Multisatellite observations of the outer zone electron variation during the November 3–4, 1993, magnetic storm". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 102 (A7): 14123–14140. doi:10.1029/97ja01101. ISSN 0148-0227.

[5] Haerendel, Gerhard (1990). Physics of Magnetic Flux Ropes. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union. hlm. 539–553. ISBN 0-87590-026-7.

[6] Plaschke, F. (2016-02-12). Low-Frequency Waves in Space Plasmas. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. hlm. 193–212. ISBN 978-1-119-05500-6.

[7] Hwang, K.-J.; Sibeck, D. G. (2016-02-12). Low-Frequency Waves in Space Plasmas. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. hlm. 213–239. ISBN 978-1-119-05500-6.

[8] Mann, Ian R.; Murphy, Kyle R.; Ozeke, Louis G.; Rae, I. Jonathan; Milling, David K.; Kale, Andy A.; Honary, Farideh F. (2013-03-28). Dynamics of the Earth's Radiation Belts and Inner Magnetosphere. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union. hlm. 69–92. ISBN 978-1-118-70475-2.

[9] Mottez, Fabrice (2016). Low-Frequency Waves in Space Plasmas (dalam bahasa Inggris). American Geophysical Union (AGU). hlm. 121–138. doi:10.1002/9781119055006.ch8. ISBN 978-1-119-05500-6. ^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}

[10] Rae, I. J.; Watt, C. E. J.; Fenrich, F. R.; Mann, I. R.; Ozeke, L. G.; Kale, A. (2007-01-02). "Energy deposition in the ionosphere through a global field line resonance". Annales Geophysicae. 25 (12): 2529–2539. doi:10.5194/angeo-25-2529-2007. ISSN 1432-0576.

[11] Glassmeier, Karl-Heinz; Auster, Hans-Ulrich; Constantinescu, Dragoş; Fornaçon, Karl-Heinz; Narita, Yasuhito; Plaschke, Ferdinand; Angelopoulos, Vassilis; Georgescu, Edita; Baumjohann, Wolfgang (2008-05-07). "Magnetospheric quasi-static response to the dynamic magnetosheath: A THEMIS case study". Geophysical Research Letters. 35 (17). doi:10.1029/2008gl033469. ISSN 0094-8276.

[12] Parker, Charles Thomas; Wigley, Sarah; Garrity, George M (2003-01-01). "Exemplar Abstract for Alcaligenes pacifus (sic) Baumann et al. 1972 (Approved Lists 1980), Alcaligenes pacificus corrig. Baumann et al. 1972 (Approved Lists 1980), Deleya pacifica (Baumann et al. 1972) Baumann et al. 1983 and Halomonas pacifica (Baumann et al. 1972) Dobson and Franzmann 1996". The NamesforLife Abstracts. Diakses tanggal 2020-12-02.

[13] Parker, Charles Thomas; Mannor, Kara; Garrity, George M (2003-01-01). "Exemplar Abstract for Eubacterium dolichum Moore et al. 1976 (Approved Lists 1980), Absiella dolichum (Moore et al. 1976) Paek et al. 2017 and Amedibacillus dolichus (Moore et al. 1976) Ikeyama et al. 2020". The NamesforLife Abstracts. Diakses tanggal 2020-12-02.

[14] Parker, Charles Thomas; Taylor, Dorothea; Garrity, George M (2003-01-01). "Exemplar Abstract for Acidovorax avenae citrulli (Schaad et al. 1978) Willems et al. 1992, Acidovorax citrulli (Schaad et al. 1978) Schaad et al. 2009, Pseudomonas avenae citrulli (Schaad et al. 1978) Hu et al. 1991 and Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes citrulli Schaad et al. 1978 (Approved Lists 1980)". The NamesforLife Abstracts. Diakses tanggal 2020-12-02.

[15] Parker, Charles Thomas; Taylor, Dorothea; Garrity, George M (2003-01-01). "Exemplar Abstract for Microtetraspora fastidiosa (Soina et al. 1975) Kroppenstedt et al. 1991, Nonomuraea fastidiosa corrig. (Soina et al. 1975) Zhang et al. 1998, Nonomuria fastidiosa (sic) (Soina et al. 1975) Zhang et al. 1998 and Actinomadura fastidiosa Soina et al. 1975 (Approved Lists 1980)". The NamesforLife Abstracts. Diakses tanggal 2020-12-02.

[Haaland_2006-16] Haaland, S.; Paschmann, G.; Sonnerup, B. U. Ö. (2006). "Comment on "A new interpretation of Weimer et al.'s solar wind propagation delay technique" by Bargatze et al". Journal of Geophysical Research. 111 (A6). doi:10.1029/2005ja011376. ISSN 0148-0227.

[17] Weisz, John R.; Eastman, Karen L.; McCarty, Carolyn A. (1996-03). "Primary and Secondary Control in East Asia: Comments on Oerter et al. (1996)". Culture & Psychology. 2 (1): 63–76. doi:10.1177/1354067x9621004. ISSN 1354-067X.

[18] Parker, Charles Thomas; Taylor, Dorothea; Garrity, George M (2003-01-01). "Exemplar Abstract for Saccharothrix coeruleoviolacea (Preobrazhenskaya et al. 1987) Kroppenstedt et al. 1991, Actinomadura coeruleoviolacea Preobrazhenskaya et al. 1987, Goodfellowiella coeruleoviolacea (Preobrazhenskaya et al. 1987) Labeda et al. 2008 emend. Nouioui et al. 2018 and Goodfellowia coeruleoviolacea (Preobrazhenskaya et al. 1987) Labeda and Kroppenstedt 2006". The NamesforLife Abstracts. Diakses tanggal 2020-12-02.

[19] Parker, Charles Thomas; Taylor, Dorothea; Garrity, George M (2003-01-01). "Exemplar Abstract for Novosphingobium aromaticivorum (sic) (Balkwill et al. 1997) Takeuchi et al. 2001 emend. Hördt et al. 2020 pro synon. Sphingomonas aromaticivorans Balkwill et al. 1997, Novosphingobium aromaticivorans corrig. (Balkwill et al. 1997) Takeuchi et al. 2001 emend. Hördt et al. 2020 pro synon. Sphingomonas aromaticivorans Balkwill et al. 1997 and Sphingomonas aromaticivorans Balkwill et al. 1997". The NamesforLife Abstracts. Diakses tanggal 2020-12-02.

[20] Parker, Charles Thomas; Taylor, Dorothea; Garrity, George M (2003-01-01). "Exemplar Abstract for Novosphingobium aromaticivorum (sic) (Balkwill et al. 1997) Takeuchi et al. 2001 emend. Hördt et al. 2020 pro synon. Sphingomonas aromaticivorans Balkwill et al. 1997, Novosphingobium aromaticivorans corrig. (Balkwill et al. 1997) Takeuchi et al. 2001 emend. Hördt et al. 2020 pro synon. Sphingomonas aromaticivorans Balkwill et al. 1997 and Sphingomonas aromaticivorans Balkwill et al. 1997". The NamesforLife Abstracts. Diakses tanggal 2020-12-02.

[21] Chapman, S.; Ferraro, V. C. A. (1931). "A new theory of magnetic storms". Journal of Geophysical Research. 36 (3): 171. doi:10.1029/te036i003p00171. ISSN 0148-0227.

[22] FERRARO, ARMANDO (1952-11). "L'Ipersessualita come Fattore Degenerogeno". American Journal of Psychiatry. 109 (5): 398–398. doi:10.1176/ajp.109.5.398. ISSN 0002-953X.

[23] Kunisch, Hermann; Berchem, Theodor; Link, Franz, ed. (1982). "Literaturwissenschaftliches Jahrbuch". doi:10.3790/978-3-428-45192-0.

[24] Kaufmann, Richard L.; Konradi, Andrei (1973-10-01). "Speed and thickness of the magnetopause". Journal of Geophysical Research. 78 (28): 6549–6568. doi:10.1029/ja078i028p06549. ISSN 0148-0227.

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PROFILPELAJAR.COM

Magnetopause

Mekanisme

Transfer plasma

Arus

Referensi

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