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Lophotrochozoa

Lophotrochozoa Edit nilai pada Wikidata
Periode 536–0 jtyl[1]
Taksonomi
SuperkerajaanHolozoa
KerajaanAnimalia
SuperfilumLophotrochozoa Edit nilai pada Wikidata
Halanych et al., 1995
Fila

Lophotrochozoa (/ləˌfɒtrkˈz.ə/, "binatang puncak / roda") adalah pengelompokan utama protostomia hewan. Takson itu ditemukan berdasarkan data molekuler.[2] Bukti molekuler seperti hasil penelitian dari evolusi RNA ribosom subunit-kecil( rRNA) mendukung monofili dari filum yang tercantum dalam kotak info ditampilkan di sebelah kanan.[3]

Terminologi

Kata "lophotrochozoa" kadang-kadang disamakan dengan spiralia.[4] Ketika digunakan dalam arti yang lebih luas (sensu lato), dapat mencakup rotifera dan platyhelminthes.[5] Ketika digunakan sensu stricto, mengacu pada subkelompok Spiralia.

Grup

Lophotrochozoa terdiri dari dua kelompok, yaitu trochozoa dan lophophorata. Hubungan yang tepat antara filum yang berbeda tidak sepenuhnya yakin.

  • Trochozoa menghasilkan larva trokofor, yang memiliki dua baris silia sekitar bagian tengah.[6] Sebelumnya kelompok ini dikelompokkan dalam Trochozoa, bersama-sama dengan artropoda, yang tidak menghasilkan larva trokofor tetapi dianggap kerabat dekat dari Annelida karena keduanya tersegmentasi. Namun, mereka menunjukkan sejumlah perbedaan penting, dan artropoda sekarang ditempatkan secara terpisah dalam Ecdysozoa. Trochozoa mencakup Nemertea, Mollusca, Sipuncula, dan Annelida.[6]
  • Lophophorata dipersatukan oleh kehadiran lofofor, kipas tentakel bersilia sekitar mulut, dan diperlakukan sama sebagai lofoforata. Mereka tidak biasa dalam menunjukkan pembelahan radial, dan beberapa penulis menganggap mereka deuterostom. 'Klad' Lophotrochozoa didasarkan pada bukti dari RNA ribosom 18S,[2] tetapi studi kemudian LSU dan SSU gen ribosom menyarankan bahwa Lophophorata polifiletik.[7] Lophophorata termasuk Bryozoa, Entoprocta, Phoronida, dan Brachiopoda.[6]

Filum lain dimasukkan atas dasar data molekuler.

Deuterostomia

Protostomia
Lophotrochozoa

Brachiopoda

Phoronida

Mollusca

Annelida

Echiura

Clitellata

Siboglinidae

Sipuncula

Nemertea

Platyhelminthes [?]

Entoprocta

Ectoprocta

Platyhelminthes [?]

Acanthocephala

Rotifera

Gnathostomulida

Gastrotricha

Ecdysozoa

Pohon filogenetik Lophotrochozoa[8][9][10]

Referensi

  1. ^ Budd, Graham E.; Jackson, Illiam S. C. (January 5, 2016). "Ecological innovations in the Cambrian and the origins of the crown group phyla". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 371 (1685): 20150287. doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0287. PMC 4685591alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 26598735. 
  2. ^ a b Halanych, K.M., Bacheller, J., Liva, S., Aguinaldo, A. A., Hillis, D.M. and Lake, J.A. (1995). "18S rDNA evidence that the Lophophorates are Protostome Animals". Science. 267: 1641–1643. doi:10.1126/science.7886451. PMID 7886451. 
  3. ^ Hervé, Philippe; Lartillot, Nicolas; Brinkmann, Henner (2005). "Multigene Analyses of Bilaterian Animals Corroborate the Monophyly of Ecdysozoa, Lophotrochozoa, and Protostomia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 22 (5): 1246–1253. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi111. 
  4. ^ Giribet G (April 2008). "Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of life". Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. 363 (1496): 1513–22. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2241. PMC 2614230alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 18192183. 
  5. ^ "Explanations.html". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-02-07. Diakses tanggal 2009-06-28. 
  6. ^ a b c Introduction to the Lophotrochozoa - accessed 8 August 2008
  7. ^ Passamaneck Y & Halanych KM. 2006. Lophotrochozoan phylogeny assessed with LSU and SSU data: evidence of lophophorate polyphyly. Mol Phylogenet Evol 40:20–28
  8. ^ Jordi Paps, Jaume Baguña & Mart Riutort (July 2009). "Bilaterian Phylogeny: A Broad Sampling of 13 Nuclear Genes Provides a New Lophotrochozoa Phylogeny and Supports a Paraphyletic Basal Acoelomorpha". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 26 (10): 2397–2406. doi:10.1093/molbev/msp150. PMID 19602542. [pranala nonaktif permanen]
  9. ^ Struck, T.H. (2007). "Annelid phylogeny and the status of Sipuncula and Echiura". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7: 57. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-57. PMC 1855331alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 17411434. 
  10. ^ Hausdorf, B.; Helmkampf, M.; Meyer, A.; et al. (2007). "Spiralian Phylogenomics Supports the Resurrection of Bryozoa Comprising Ectoprocta and Entoprocta". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 24 (12): 2723–2729. doi:10.1093/molbev/msm214. PMID 17921486. 

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