Lex citationum

Lex citationum ("hukum kutipan") adalah hukum Romawi yang dikeluarkan di Ravenna pada tahun 426 M oleh Kaisar Valentinianus III (atau sebenarnya oleh ibunya yang menjadi wali kaisar, yaitu Galla Placidia Augusta) di hadapan senat dan rakyat Romawi, dan hukum ini lalu dimasukkan ke dalam kompilasi hukum yang diperintahkan penyusunannya oleh Kaisar Theodosius II pada tahun 438 (Codex Theodosianus 1, 4, 3) serta dalam edisi pertama Codex Justinianus. Hukum ini dimaksudkan untuk membantu hakim dalam penggunaan tulisan-tulisan ahli hukum yang sangat banyak jumlahnya untuk mengambil keputusan dalam suatu perkara. Menurut sejarawan hukum Alan Watson, "hukum kutipan ini merupakan titik rendah dalam yurisprudensi Romawi, karena opini yang benar diperoleh dengan menghitung jumlah kepala dan bukan dengan memilih solusi terbaik."[1] Meskipun begitu, hukum ini dapat dianggap sebagai upaya untuk menyederhanakan proses pengadilan.[2]

Hukum ini memberikan otoritas hukum kepada lima ahli hukum, yaitu Ulpianus, Gaius, Paulus, Papinianus dan Modestinus, dan kutipan-kutipan dari ahli hukum ini dapat digunakan sebagai landasan hukum dalam proses penyelesaian perkara. Apabila terjadi konflik di antara pendapat ahli-ahli ini, pendapat mayoritas-lah yang akan berlaku. Apabila jumlah yang sepakat dan tidak sepakat sama, pendapat Papinianus-lah yang akan digunakan.[3] Jika Papinianus tidak pernah mengeluarkan pendapat mengenai suatu perkara, hakim bebas menggunakan nalarnya sendiri.

Catatan kaki

  1. ^ Alan Watson, The Law of the Ancient Romans (Dallas: Southern Methodist University, 1970), hlm. 91.
  2. ^ Stewart Irvin Oost, Galla Placidia Augusta. A Biographical Essay (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1968), khususnya lihat hlm. 217–8.
  3. ^ Wolfgang Kaiser (2015). "Justinian and the Corpus Iuris Civilis". Dalam Johnston, David. The Cambridge Introduction to Roman Law (dalam bahasa English). Cambridge University Press. hlm. 120. ISBN 9781139034401. 

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