Kimia bioanorganik

Seperti kebanyakan antibiotik, monensin-A adalah suatu ionofor yang secara kuat mengikat Na+ (ditunjukkan dalam warna kuning).[1]

Kimia bioanorganik adalah suatu bidang yang meneliti peran logam dalam biologi. Bioanorganik kimia meliputi studi baik dari fenomena alam seperti perilaku metaloprotein serta logam buatan yang diperkenalkan, termasuk mereka yang non-esensial, dalam bidang kedokteran dan toksikologi. Banyak proses biologis seperti respirasi bergantung pada molekul yang berada di dalam ranah kimia anorganik. Disiplin ini juga mencakup studi mengenai model anorganik atau mimics yang meniru perilaku metalloprotein.[2]

Sebagai gabungan dari biokimia dan kimia anorganik, kimia bioanorganik penting dalam menjelaskan dampak dari transfer elektron protein, pengikatan substrat dan aktivasi, transfer kimia atom dan gugus serta sifat logam dalam kimia biologi.

Komposisi organisme hidup

Sekitar 99% dari massa mamalia merupakan unsur karbon, nitrogen, kalsium, natrium, klorin, kalium, hidrogen, fosfor, oksigen dan sulfur.[3] Senyawa organik (protein, lipid dan karbohidrat) mengandung sebagian besar karbon dan nitrogen dan sebagian besar oksigen dan hidrogen hadir sebagai air.[3] Seluruh kumpulan biomolekul yang mengandung logam dalam sel disebut metalome.

Sejarah

Pusat kobalt pada vitamin B12.

Paul Ehrlich menggunakan organoarsenik ("arsenikal") untuk pengobatan sifilis, memperlihatkan keterkaitan logam, atau setidaknya metaloid, untuk obat-obatan, yang berkembang dengan penemuan Rosenberg tentang aktivitas antikanker dari cisplatin(cis-PtCl2(NH3)2). Protein pertama yang pernah dikristalisasi (lihat James B. Sumner) adalah urease, kemudian terbukti mengandung nikel di daerah sisi aktifnya. Vitamin B12, obat untuk anemia pernisiosa ditampilkan secara kristalografis oleh Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin yang terdiri dari kobalt dalam suatu makrosiklik corrin. Struktur Watson-Crick pada DNA menunjukkan peran struktural utama yang dimainkan oleh polimer yang mengandung fosfat.

Jenis unsur anorganik dalam biologi

Logam alkali dan alkali tanah

Struktur hemoglobin

Unsur anorganik yang melimpah berperan sebagai elektrolit ionik. Ion-ion yang paling penting adalah natrium, kalium, kalsium, magnesium, klorida, fosfat, dan ion organik bikarbonat. Pemeliharaan gradien yang tepat di seluruh membran sel mempertahankan tekanan osmotik dan pH.[4] Ion juga penting bagi saraf dan otot, sebagai potensial aksi dalam jaringan ini yang diproduksi melalui pertukaran elektrolit antara cairan ekstraseluler dan sitosol.[5] Elektrolit memasuki dan meninggalkan sel melalui protein dalam membran sel yang disebut sebagai saluran ion. Misalnya, kontraksi otot bergantung pada pergerakan kalsium, natrium dan kalium melalui saluran ion pada membran sel dan tubulus-T.[6]

Logam transisi

Logam transisi biasanya hadir sebagai unsur runutan dalam organisme, dengan seng dan besi menjadi yang paling berlimpah.[7][8][9] Logam ini digunakan dalam beberapa protein sebagai kofaktor dan sangat penting untuk aktivitas enzim seperti katalase dan protein pembawa oksigen seperti hemoglobin.[10] kofaktor ini terikat erat dengan protein tertentu; meskipun kofaktor enzim dapat dimodifikasi selama katalisis, kofaktor selalu kembali ke keadaan awal setelah katalisis telah berlangsung. Mikronutrien logam diangkut ke dalam organisme melalui pengangkut spesifik dan terikat dengan protein penyimpanan seperti ferritin atau metallotionein ketika tidak digunakan.[11][12] Kobalt sangat penting dalam memfungsikan vitamin B12.[13]

Lihat pula

Referensi

  1. ^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997), Chemistry of the Elements (edisi ke-2), Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, ISBN 0-7506-3365-4 
  2. ^ Stephen J. Lippard, Jeremy M. Berg, Principles of Bioinorganic Chemistry, University Science Books, 1994, ISBN 0-935702-72-5
  3. ^ a b Heymsfield S, Waki M, Kehayias J, Lichtman S, Dilmanian F, Kamen Y, Wang J, Pierson R (1991). "Chemical and elemental analysis of humans in vivo using improved body composition models". American Journal of Physiology. 261 (2 Pt 1): E190–8. PMID 1872381. 
  4. ^ Sychrová H (2004). "Yeast as a model organism to study transport and homeostasis of alkali metal cations" (PDF). Physiol Res. 53 Suppl 1: S91–8. PMID 15119939. 
  5. ^ Levitan I (1988). "Modulation of ion channels in neurons and other cells". Annu Rev Neurosci. 11: 119–36. doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.11.030188.001003. PMID 2452594. 
  6. ^ Dulhunty A (2006). "Excitation-contraction coupling from the 1950s into the new millennium". Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 33 (9): 763–72. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.2006.04441.x. PMID 16922804. 
  7. ^ Dlouhy, Adrienne C.; Outten, Caryn E. (2013). "Chapter 8 The Iron Metallome in Eukaryotic Organisms". Dalam Banci, Lucia (Ed.). Metallomics and the Cell. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. 12. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5561-1_8. ISBN 978-94-007-5560-4.  electronic-book ISBN 978-94-007-5561-1 ISSN 1559-0836 electronic-ISSN 1868-0402
  8. ^ Mahan D, Shields R (1998). "Macro- and micromineral composition of pigs from birth to 145 kilograms of body weight". J Anim Sci. 76 (2): 506–12. PMID 9498359. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-04-30. 
  9. ^ Husted S, Mikkelsen B, Jensen J, Nielsen N (2004). "Elemental fingerprint analysis of barley (Hordeum vulgare) using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, isotope-ratio mass spectrometry, and multivariate statistics". Anal Bioanal Chem. 378 (1): 171–82. doi:10.1007/s00216-003-2219-0. PMID 14551660. 
  10. ^ Finney L, O'Halloran T (2003). "Transition metal speciation in the cell: insights from the chemistry of metal ion receptors". Science. 300 (5621): 931–6. Bibcode:2003Sci...300..931F. doi:10.1126/science.1085049. PMID 12738850. 
  11. ^ Cousins R, Liuzzi J, Lichten L (2006). "Mammalian zinc transport, trafficking, and signals". J Biol Chem. 281 (34): 24085–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.R600011200. PMID 16793761. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-11-05. Diakses tanggal 2017-03-14. 
  12. ^ Dunn L, Rahmanto Y, Richardson D (2007). "Iron uptake and metabolism in the new millennium". Trends Cell Biol. 17 (2): 93–100. doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2006.12.003. PMID 17194590. 
  13. ^ Cracan, Valentin; Banerjee, Ruma (2013). "Chapter 10 Cobalt and Corrinoid Transport and Biochemistry". Dalam Banci, Lucia (Ed.). Metallomics and the Cell. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. 12. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5561-10_10. ISBN 978-94-007-5560-4.  electronic-book ISBN 978-94-007-5561-1 ISSN 1559-0836 electronic-ISSN 1868-0402

Bibliografi

  • Heinz-Bernhard Kraatz (editor), Nils Metzler-Nolte (editor), Concepts and Models in Bioinorganic Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons, 2006, ISBN 3-527-31305-2
  • Ivano Bertini, Harry B. Gray, Edward I. Stiefel, Joan Selverstone Valentine, Biological Inorganic Chemistry, University Science Books, 2007, ISBN 1-891389-43-2
  • Wolfgang Kaim, Brigitte Schwederski "Bioinorganic Chemistry: Inorganic Elements in the Chemistry of Life." John Wiley and Sons, 1994, ISBN 0-471-94369-X
  • Rosette M. Roat-Malone, Bioinorganic Chemistry: A Short Course, Wiley-Interscience, 2002, ISBN 0-471-15976-X
  • J.J.R. Fraústo da Silva and R.J.P. Williams, The biological chemistry of the elements: The inorganic chemistry of life, 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-19-850848-4
  • Lawrence Que, Jr., ed., Physical Methods in Bioinorganic Chemistry, University Science Books, 2000, ISBN 1-891389-02-5

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