Kebijakan

Kebijakan adalah rangkaian konsep dan asas yang menjadi pedoman dan dasar rencana dalam pelaksanaan suatu pekerjaan, kepemimpinan, dan cara bertindak^[1] Istilah ini dapat diterapkan pada pemerintahan, organisasi dan kelompok sektor swasta, serta individu. Kebijakan berbeda dengan peraturan dan hukum. Jika hukum dapat memaksakan atau melarang suatu perilaku (misalnya suatu hukum yang mengharuskan pembayaran pajak penghasilan), kebijakan hanya menjadi pedoman tindakan yang paling mungkin memperoleh hasil yang diinginkan.

Kebijakan pemerintah adalah pada hakikatnya merupakan kebijakan yang di tujukan untuk publik ialah "bagian ekonomi yang dijalankan oleh suatu negara atau pemerintahan yang terdiri dari pemerintah pusat, pemerintah daerah, organisasi pemerintah dan masyarakat yang berhubungan dan masyarakat yang berhubungan dan memengaruhi suatu bangsa, negara, atau komunitas" dalam pengertian luas (negara, masyarakat dalam berbagai status serta untuk kepentingan umum) baik itu dilakukan secara langsung maupun tidak langsung yang tercermin pada berbagai dimensi kehidupan publik^[2].

Kebijakan atau kajian kebijakan dapat pula merujuk pada proses pembuatan keputusan penting organisasi, termasuk identifikasi berbagai alternatif seperti prioritas program atau pengeluaran, dan pemilihannya berdasarkan dampaknya. Kebijakan juga dapat diartikan sebagai mekanisme politis, manajemen, finansial, atau administratif untuk mencapai suatu tujuan eksplisit.

Referensi

^ Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia
^ https://perpustakaan.kemsos.go.id/elib/index.php?p=show_detail&id=5224&keywords=#:~:text=Kebijakan%20pemerintah%20pada%20hakikatnya%20merupakan,pada%20berbagai%20dimensi%20kehidupan%20publik Diarsipkan 2022-07-27 di Wayback Machine..

Bacaan lanjutan

Blakemore, Ken (1998). Social Policy: an Introduction.
Althaus, Catherine (2007). The Australian Policy Handbook (edisi ke-4th edition). Sydney: Allen & Unwin. Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan (link)
Müller, Pierre (1998). L'analyse des politiques publiques (dalam bahasa French). Paris: Montchrestien.
Paquette, Laure (2002). Analyzing National and International Policy. Rowman Littlefield.
Jenkins, William (1978). Policy Analysis: A Political and Organizational Perspective. London: Martin Robertson.
Lowi, Theodore J. (1964). "American Business, Public Policy, Case-Studies, and Political Theory". World Politics. 16: 687–713.
Lowi, Theodore J. (1968). "Four Systems of Policy, Politics, and Choice". Public Administration Review. 33: 298–310.
Lowi, Theodore J. (1985). "The State in Politics". Dalam Noll, Roger G. (ed.). Regulatory Policy and the social Sciences. Berkeley: University of California Press. hlm. 67–110.
Spitzer, Robert J. (1987). "Promoting Policy Theory: Revising the Arenas of Power". Policy Studies Journal. 15 (4): 675–689.
Kellow, Aynsley (1988). "Promoting Elegance in Policy Theory: Simplifying Lowi's Arenas of Power". Policy Studies Journal. 16: 713–724.
Heckathorn, Douglas D. (1990). "The Contractual Architecture of Public Policy: A Critical Reconstruction of Lowi's Typology". The Journal of Politics. 52 (4): 1101–1123.
Smith, K. B. (2002). "Typologies, Taxonomies, and the Benefits of Policy Classification". Policy Studies Journal. 30: 379–395.
Greenberg, George D.; et al. (1977). "Developing Public Policy Theory: Perspectives from Empirical Research". American Political Science Review. 71: 1532–1543.
Dye, Thomas R. (1976). Policy Analysis. University of Alabama Press.

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