Karsinoma

Karsinoma adalah segala jenis tumor (kanker) yang tumbuh dari sel di lapisan permukaan penutup atau membran pembatas dari organ.^[1] Karsinoma berbeda dengan sarkoma yang merupakan kanker yang muncul dari tulang, otot, atau jaringan ikat.^[1] Contoh karsinoma yang umum terdapat pada paru-paru, payudara, kulit, serviks, usus besar, dan rektum.^[1] Pada kanker usus besar terdapat tahapan sebagai berikut:

Secara genetika, gen supressor tumor APC (adenomatous polyposis coli) akan hilang sehingga mengakinatkan tumbuhnya polip.^[2] Polip akan terlihat normal tetapi akan membelah secara tidak normal.^[2]
Terjadi aktivasi gen ras dan kehilangan gen supressor tumor DCC (deleted in colorectal cancer), sehingga polip menjadi besar dan disebut adenoma.^[2]
Terjadi kehilangan gen supressor tumor p53 dan akan terjadi mutasi-mutasi lainnya sehingga adenoma akan berubah menjadi karsinoma.^[2]

Dari tahap-tahap tersebut dapat dilihat bahwa tubuh manusia memiliki gen yang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan tumor tetapi bila gen-gen tersebut hilang atau termutasi maka tumor akan muncul.^[2]

Referensi

^ ^a ^b ^c (Inggris) Peters M. A-Z Family Medical Encyclopedia. British Medical Association.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e (Inggris) Reece JB, Urry LA, Cain ML, Wasserman SA, Minorsky PV, Jackson RB. 2012. Campbell Biology. Ed ke-9. New York: Springer.

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