Kalorimetri adalah ilmu dalam pengukuran panas dan reaksi kimia atau perubahan fisik. Pada kalorimetri ini dapat melakukan pengukuran perubahan kalor yang bergantung pada pemahaman tentang kalor jenis dan kapasitas kalor. Dengan demikian kita dapat mengetahui suhu pada suatu ruangan atau benda-benda lainnya. pengukuran panas ini sangat bermanfaat diberbagai bidang, salah satunya adalah kesehatan.[1]
Kalor jenis suatu zat adalah jumlah kalor yang dibutuhkan untuk menaikkan suhu satu gram zat sebesar satu derajat Celsius. Kapasitas kalor suatu zat adalah jumlah kalor yang dibutuhkan untuk menaikkan suhu sejumlah zat sebesar satu derajat Celsius. Hubungan kapasitas kalor dan kalor jenis suatu zat adalah C=ms dimana m adalah massa zat dalam gram.
Dalam sebuah percobaan yang sering dilakukan besar kecilnya kalor yang dibutuhkan suatu benda (zat) bergantung pada 3 faktor, yaitu:
Dapat dirumuskan:
Keterangan:
Rumus kapasitas kalor:
Kalor pembakaran biasanya diukur dengan menempatkan senyawa yang massanya diketahui dalam wadah baja tertutup (juga disebut sebagai "bom" tetapi kuat cukup agar tidak meledak) yang diisi dengan oksigen pada tekanan 3 MPa. Wadah dicelupkan ke dalam air, sampel dihubungkan ke listrik. Alat ini lengkap disebut kalorimeter bom volume-konstan. Kalor yang dilepas oleh reaksi pembakaran diserap oleh bom dan air, dan dapat dihitung secara tepat dengan mencatat kenaikan suhu air. Kalorimeter yang dirancang secara khusus itu memungkinkan kita untuk mengasumsikan bahwa tidak ada kalor atau massa yang hilang ke lingkungan selama waktu pengkuran. Dengan demikian kita dapat mengetahui kalor pembakaran pada bom tersebut. Jadi kita dapat menyebut bom itu dan air tempat pencelupannya sebagai sistem terisolasi. Karena tidak ada kalor yang masuk atau meninggalkan sistem selama proses berlangsung, perubahan kalor sistem (qsistem) harus nol dan kita dapat menulis
qsistem = qkal + qreaksi
= 0
dengan qkal dan qreaksi berturut adalah perubahan kalor untuk kalorimeter dan reaksi.
Jadi, qreaksi = -qkal[3]
Peralatan yang lebih
sederhana dibanding kalorimeter volume-konstan adalah kalorimeter tekanan-konstan, yang digunakan untuk menentukan perubahan kalor untuk reaksi selain pembakaran. Secara kasar, kalorimeter tekanan-kanstan dapat dibuat dari dua cangkir kopi styrofoam. Hal tersebut merupakan cara sederhana dari kalorimetri tekanan-konstan. Peralatan ini mengukur pe
ngaruh kalor pada berbagai reaksi, seperti penetralan asam basa, kalor pelarut, dan kalor pengenceran.
Karena tekanannya konstan, perubahan kalor yang terjadi untuk proses (qreaksi) sama dengan perubahan entalpi. Dari dua cangkir kopi styrofoam dapat
diketahui perubahan-perubahan kalor yang terjadi serta cara sederhana yang dapat dilakukan untuk mengetahui perubahan kalor.[3]
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