Kalor jenis

Dalam termodinamika, kapasitas kalor spesifik (simbol c p) suatu zat adalah kapasitas kalor suatu sampel zat dibagi dengan massa sampel, kadang juga disebut sebagai kapasitas kalor masif. Secara informal, itu adalah jumlah panas yang harus ditambahkan ke satu unit massa zat untuk menyebabkan kenaikan suhu satu unit. Satuan SI untuk kapasitas panas spesifik adalah joule per kelvin per kilogram , J⋅kg −1 ⋅K −1. Misalnya, kalor yang dibutuhkan untuk menaikkan suhu1 kg air dengan1 K adalah4184 joule , jadi kalor jenis air adalah4184 J⋅kg −1 ⋅K −1.

Kapasitas panas spesifik sering bervariasi dengan suhu, dan berbeda untuk setiap keadaan materi. Air cair memiliki salah satu kapasitas kalor spesifik tertinggi di antara zat biasa, sekitar4184 J⋅kg −1 ⋅K −1 pada 20 °C; tetapi es, tepat di bawah 0 °C, hanya2093 J⋅kg −1 ⋅K −1. Kapasitas panas spesifik dari besi, granit, dan gas hidrogen masing-masing adalah sekitar 449 J⋅kg −1 ⋅K −1, 790 J⋅kg −1 ⋅K −1, dan 14300 J⋅kg −1 ⋅K −1. Sementara zat mengalami transisi fase, seperti meleleh atau mendidih, kapasitas panas spesifiknya secara teknis tidak terbatas, karena panas berubah keadaannya daripada menaikkan suhunya.

Kapasitas panas spesifik suatu zat, terutama gas, mungkin jauh lebih tinggi bila dibiarkan memuai saat dipanaskan (kapasitas panas spesifik pada tekanan konstan) daripada saat dipanaskan dalam bejana tertutup yang mencegah pemuaian (kapasitas panas spesifik pada volume konstan). Kedua nilai ini biasanya dilambangkan dengan{\displaystyle c_{p}}c_{p}dan{\displaystyle c_{V}}CV}, masing-masing; hasil bagi mereka{\displaystyle \gamma =c_{p}/c_{V}}{\displaystyle \gamma =c_{p}/c_{V}}adalah rasio kapasitas panas.

Istilah panas spesifik juga dapat mengacu pada rasio antara kapasitas panas spesifik suatu zat pada suhu tertentu dan zat referensi pada suhu referensi, seperti air pada 15 °C; banyak gaya berat jenis. Kapasitas panas spesifik juga terkait dengan ukuran kapasitas panas intensif lainnya dengan penyebut lainnya. Jika jumlah zat diukur sebagai jumlah mol, yang diperoleh adalah kapasitas panas molar, yang satuan SI-nya adalah joule per kelvin per mol, J⋅mol −1 ⋅K −1. Jika jumlahnya diambil sebagai volume sampel (seperti yang kadang-kadang dilakukan dalam rekayasa), diperolehkapasitas kalor volumetrik, yang satuan SI-nya adalah joule per kelvin per meter kubik, J⋅m −3 ⋅K −1.

Salah satu ilmuwan pertama yang menggunakan konsep tersebut adalah Joseph Black, seorang dokter medis abad ke-18 dan profesor kedokteran di Universitas Glasgow. Dia mengukur kapasitas panas spesifik dari banyak zat, menggunakan istilah kapasitas panas.

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