Joseph von Fraunhofer

Joseph von Fraunhofer

Joseph von Fraunhofer (6 Maret 1787 – 7 Juni 1826) adalah seorang fisikawan Jerman.

Ketika Fraunhofer menjadi yatim piatu pada usia 11, ia mulai bekerja sebagai tenaga magang pada seorang pengrajin kaca bernama Philipp Anton Weichelsberger.

Pada 1801 bengkel tempatnya bekerja runtuh dan dia terkubur di dalamnya. Operasi penyelamatan dipimpin oleh Maximilian IV Joseph, Kurfürst Bavaria (yang kelak menjadi Maximilian I Joseph). Sang pangeran masuk ke dalam kehidupan Fraunhofer, menyediakannya buku dan memaksa majikannya untuk memberikan Fraunhofer muda waktu untuk belajar.

Setelah 8 bulan belajar, Fraunhofer pergi bekerja di Institut Optik di Benediktbeuern, sebuah biara Benediktin sekuler yang mengabdikan diri pada pembuatan gelas/kaca. Di sini ia menemukan cara membuat kaca optik terbaik dan menciptakan metode sangat teliti dalam mengukur dispersi. Pada 1818 ia menjadi direktur isntitut optik tersebut. Melalui instrumen optik terbaik yang ia kembangkan, Bavaria melampaui Inggris sebagai pusat industri optik. Bahkan seorang Michael Faraday tidak dapat menghasilkan kaca yang dapat menyaingi kaca Fraunhofer.

Pada 1814, Fraunhofer menciptakan spektrokop, dan menemukan 574 garis-garis gelap dalam spektrum Matahari. Garis-garis gelap ini kemudian diketahui sebagai garis-garis serapan atom, sebagaimana dijelaskan oleh Kirchhoff dan Bunsen pada 1859. Garis-garis ini kadang-kadang masih disebut garis-garis Fraunhofer sebagai penghormatan atas dirinya.

Dia juga menciptakan grating difraksi dan mengubah spektroskopi dari seni kualitatif menjadi sains kuantitatif dengan menunjukkan cara mengukur panjang gelombang cahaya dengan akurat. Ia juga menemukan bahwa spektrum Sirius dan bintang-bintang bermagnitudo satu lainnya berbeda satu sama lain dan berbeda juga dari Matahari, sehingga dialah penemu spektroskopi bintang.

Namun demikian, hebatnya, minat utamanya tetap dalam bidang optika praktis, dengan mengatakan, “Pada semua percobaan yang saya dapat lakukan, (saya) kekurangan waktu, (dan) hanya memusatkan perhatian pada hal-hal yang tampak memiliki hubungan pada optika praktis.”

Kariernya yang sangat masyhur akhirnya mengantarnya pada gelar doktor kehormatan dari Universitas Erlangen pada 1822. Pada 1824, ia dianugerahi order of merit, menjadi bangsawan dan warga kehormatan München. Seperti banyak pembuat gelas pada jamannya yang keracunan uap logam berat, Fraunhofer mati muda, pada 1826 di usia 39.


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