Johann Gottlieb Fichte

Johann Gottlieb Fichte
Johann Gottlieb Fichte
Lahir(1762-05-19)19 Mei 1762
Rammenau, Sachsen
Meninggal27 Januari 1814(1814-01-27) (umur 51)
Berlin, Prusia
Tempat tinggalJerman
KebangsaanJerman
EraFilsafat abad ke-18
KawasanFilsafat Barat
Aliranidealisme Jerman, Romantisisme Jerman, Pasca-Kantianisme
Minat utama
Kesadaran akan dirinya & Kesadaran diri, Filsafat moral, Filsafat Politik
Gagasan penting
Kesadaran mutlak, tesis-antitesis-sintesis, tidak-aku, das Streben (berjuang), saling pengakuan,Wissenschaftslehre, Anstoss, Tathandlung,' Urtrieb (drive asli), "wawasan asli Fichte"
Dipengaruhi
Memengaruhi

Johann Gottlieb Fichte adalah seorang filsuf Jerman yang turut menjadi pionir dalam mengembangkan Mazhab Idealisme.[1][2] Mazhab inilah yang memainkan peranan penting pada era pasca-Kant.[1] Fichte lahir di Saxony pada tahun 1762.[1] Ayahnya adalah seorang penyamak kulit di sebuah desa kecil.[2] Pada tahun 1780, Fichte belajar teologi di Jena dan Leipzig.[1][2] Dalam masa studinya, Fichte sudah dipengaruhi oleh gerakan Romantis, dan dalam filsafat dia dipengaruhi oleh determinisme Spinoza, sebelum pada gilirannya menolaknya.[3] Suatu ketika, dalam kariernya sebagai seorang dosen di Zuerich, seorang mahasiswa memintanya untuk menjelaskan kritisisme Kant.[3] Sejak saat itu, dia belajar Kant untuk pertama kalinya, bahkan sempat mengunjungi Kant di Koenigsberg.[3] Karena tidak memiliki uang, Fichte berhenti dari studinya lalu bekerja sebagai guru pada beberapa keluarga kaya.[2] Di sinilah, Fichte kemudian berkenalan dengan filsafat Kant yang amat mempengaruhinya.[2] Fichte meninggal pada tahun 1814.[1]

Fichte memulai filsafatnya dengan kesadaran atau keyakinan subjek terhadap dirinya sendiri.[2] Pengetahuan tentang segala sesuatu berawal dari kegiatan berpikir subjek yang merefleksikan dirinya sendiri.[2] Jika kita mengamati diri sendiri, maka dengan sadar manusia akan melihat adanya gagasan-gagasan yang muncul dengan sendirinya.[2] Sistem dari gagasan-gagasan tersebut disebut pengalaman.[2] Menurut Fichte, hanya ada dua unsur dalam pengalaman manusia, yakni benda dan intelegensi (dalam bahasa Jerman Ding und Intelligenz).[2] Benda atau objek adalah sasaran pengetahuan, sedangkan intelegensi adalah daya yang memungkinkan subjek mengarahkan diri kepada objek, untuk mengenali, dan menanggapi objek juga.[2]

Referensi

  1. ^ a b c d e (Inggris)Daniel Breazeale. 1999. "Fichte, Johann Gottlieb". In The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy. Robert Audi, ed. 307-309. London: Cambridge University Press.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Simon Petrus L. Tjahjadi. 2004. Petualangan Intelektual. Yogyakarta: Kanisius. Hal. 303-311.
  3. ^ a b c F. Budi Hardiman. Pemikiran-pemikiran yang Membentuk Dunia Modern: Dari Machiavelli sampai Nietzsche. Jakarta: Erlangga. Hal. 136-137
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