Hipernova

Salah satu hipernova yang terjadi SN 1998bw di Galaksi ESO 184-G82.

Hipernova (Inggris: Hypernova) atau collapsar adalah supernova yang sangat energik yang menghasilkan lebih banyak energi dan cahaya daripada supernova.[1] Hipernova adalah ledakan supernova paling kuat di alam semesta, 10 hingga 100 kali lebih terang dari supernova biasa, yang secara singkat menyinari keseluruhan galaksi mereka saat menghasilkan bintang neutron atau lubang hitam yang runtuh. Itu energi yang cukup untuk sepenuhnya melenyapkan matahari kita 100.000 lipat, atau energi yang cukup untuk memasok konsumsi daya total dunia kita saat ini untuk miliar, miliar, miliar, tahun ke depan.[2][3]

Dalam Supernova, sebuah bintang memotong materi luarnya tetapi meninggalkan bintang baru di pusatnya, seringkali bintang Neutron. Dalam Hipernova, kekuatan ledakan merobek bintang bagian dalam juga. Hipernova muncul di bintang-bintang dengan massa lebih dari 30 kali lipat dari Matahari kita. Seperti dalam supernova, ketika bintang kehabisan bahan bakar, ia tidak dapat lagi menopang dirinya sendiri di bawah gravitasinya sendiri. Itu runtuh dan kemudian meledak, mengirimkan materi ke segala arah. Ini melepaskan lebih banyak energi dalam hitungan detik dari Matahari kita dalam seluruh 10 miliar tahun masa pakainya.[4] Sejak penemuan semburan sinar gamma (GRB) pada tahun 1960-an, GRB telah ditentukan secara acak di langit, pada waktu yang acak.[1] Tidak diketahui apakah setiap hipernova dikaitkan dengan GRB.[5] Ada beberapa Hipernova yang tidak memiliki ledakan sinar gama panjang.[6] Hipernova pertama yang diketahui, terdeteksi segera setelah GRB, ditemukan pada tahun 1998.[3] Seringkali ditemukan GRB pada Hipernova, banyak di antaranya tampaknya melibatkan emisi radiasi elektromagnetik dengan energi total berkali-kali lipat energi supernova biasa.[7]

Kemungkinan penyebab

Hipernova sangat jarang. Faktanya, tingkat Hipernova yang terjadi di seluruh Bima Sakti diperkirakan 1 juta setiap tahun dengan hanya sekitar 100.000 supernova menghasilkan hipernova,[5] membuat pengamatan ledakan langit sangat sulit. Dua puluh lima juta tahun cahaya dari Bumi di galaksi lain, para astronom telah menemukan apa yang tampak sebagai sisa-sisa Hipernova raksasa, memberikan informasi ini tentang ledakan besar ini, tetapi saat ini ada beberapa teori tentang sebenarnya apa yang menyebabkan Hipernova. Skenario yang telah diajukan untuk menjelaskan fenomena tersebut adalah satu bintang masif yang 20 kali lebih masif dari Matahari, yang berputar dengan kecepatan lebih tinggi dari pulsar atau terbungkus medan magnet yang kuat meledak atau kehabisan bahan bakar,[8][9] akan mengalami keruntuhan inti dalam. Atau, hipernova bisa merupakan hasil dari dua bintang dalam sistem biner yang saling bertabrakan, bergabung menjadi satu massa raksasa dan kemudian meledak.[4] Salah satu teori adalah bahwa medan magnet magnetar begitu kuat sehingga dapat memicu daya yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan luminositas intens, tetapi haris berputar 1.000 kali per detik.[10]

Ide lain melibatkan bintang raksasa yang meledak dalam supernova, tetapi inti terdalamnya runtuh menjadi lubang hitam. Segera setelah lubang hitam itu terbentuk, materi di sekitarnya yang akan meledak ditarik ke dalam gravitasi. Ketika itu terjadi, kekuatan ekstrim dapat meluncurkan semburan material yang meledak dengan kecepatan supersonik, yang terlihat sebagai Hipernova.[11]

Mekanisme lain yang mungkin adalah ketika cahaya bernergi tinggi di inti bintang yang benar-benar masif mengubah dieinya menjadi pasangan proton dan elektron. Bagian-bagian cahaya itu memainkan peran penting dalam menjaga kestabilan bintang, dan tanpa cahaya itu semuanya akan jatuh dan meledak dalam satu ledakan raksasa.[11]

Referensi

  1. ^ a b "Definition of hypernova | Dictionary.com". www.dictionary.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2020-10-02. 
  2. ^ "How to make a hypernova | Space". www.space.com. Diakses tanggal 2020-07-26. 
  3. ^ a b "Hypernova sheds new light on how massive stars die – Astronomy Now" (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2020-10-02. 
  4. ^ a b Team, How It Works (2011-11-12). "What is a hypernova?". How It Works (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2020-07-31. 
  5. ^ a b "Why a "Hypernova"?". teacherlink.ed.usu.edu. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-01-26. Diakses tanggal 2020-10-02. 
  6. ^ "11 Hypernova Facts for Kids, Students and Space Enthusiasts". www.factsjustforkids.com. Diakses tanggal 2020-10-02. 
  7. ^ "Hypernova". Universe Today (dalam bahasa Inggris). 2010-01-29. Diakses tanggal 2020-10-02. 
  8. ^ Barlow, M. J. (1991). Wolf-Rayet Stars and Interrelations with other Massive Stars in Galaxies. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. hlm. 281–288. ISBN 978-0-7923-1087-7. 
  9. ^ "Frequency and Remnants of Hypernovae". doi:10.1086/311890/fulltext/985865.text.html. 
  10. ^ "Supernova shines 400 billion times brighter than sun". New Scientist. 227 (3030): 17. 2015-07. doi:10.1016/s0262-4079(15)30774-0. ISSN 0262-4079. 
  11. ^ a b Sutter, Paul M. "What's More Powerful Than A Supernova? A Hypernova". Forbes (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2020-10-02. 

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