Herbisida atau racun gulma (bahasa Inggris: herbicide) adalah senyawa atau material yang disebarkan pada lahan pertanian untuk menekan atau memberantas gulma pengganggu tanaman utama yang menyebabkan penurunan hasil pertanian.[1] Lahan pertanian biasanya ditanami sejenis atau dua jenis tanaman pertanian. Namun, tumbuhan lain juga dapat tumbuh di lahan tersebut, karena kompetisi dalam mendapatkan hara di tanah, perolehan cahaya matahari, dan keluarnya substansi alelopatik, tumbuhan lain ini tidak diinginkan keberadaannya. Herbisida digunakan sebagai salah satu sarana pengendalian gulma.
Terdapat dua tipe herbisida menurut aplikasinya:
Dari cara kerjanya herbisida ada 2 macam:
Pada umumnya, herbisida bekerja dengan mengganggu proses anabolisme senyawa penting seperti pati, asam lemak, atau asam amino melalui kompetisi dengan senyawa yang normal dalam proses tersebut. Herbisida menjadi kompetitor karena memiliki struktur yang mirip dan menjadi kosubstrat yang dikenali oleh enzim yang menjadi sasarannya. Cara kerja lain adalah dengan mengganggu keseimbangan produksi bahan-bahan kimia yang diperlukan tumbuhan.
Contoh:
Sejumlah produsen herbisida mendanai pembuatan tanaman transgenik yang tahan terhadap herbisida. Dengan demikian penggunaan herbisida dapat diperluas pada tanaman produksi tersebut. Usaha ini dapat menekan biaya produksi dalam pertanian berskala besar dengan mekanisasi.
Contoh tanaman tahan herbisida yang telah dikembangkan adalah raps (kanola), jagung, kapas, padi, kentang, kedelai, dan bit gula.
Pemakaian herbisida menuai kritik karena menyebarkan bahan kimia yang berbahaya bagi tumbuhan bukan sasaran. Meskipun sebagian besar herbisida masa kini tidak berbahaya bagi manusia dan hewan, herbisida yang tersebar (karena terbawa angin atau terhanyut air) berpotensi mengganggu pertumbuhan tumbuhan lainnya. Karena itu, herbisida masa kini dibuat supaya mudah terurai oleh mikroorganisme di tanah atau air.
Kritik lainnya ditujukan pada pemakaian tanaman transgenik tahan herbisida tertentu. Meskipun dapat menekan biaya, teknologi ini bermotifkan komersial (meningkatkan penggunaan herbisida merek tertentu). Selain itu, teknologi ini dianggap tidak bermanfaat bagi pertanian non mekanik (pertanian dengan padat karya) atau berlahan sempit.
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