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Haplodiploid

Sistem penentuan seks haplodiploid dapat ditemui dalam lebah dan tawon.

Haplodiploid adalah sistem penentuan seks yang menghasilkan jantan dari telur yang belum difertilisasi (sehingga haploid) dan betina dari telur yang telah difertilisasi (sehingga diploid).[1]

Sistem penentuan seks ini dapat ditemui dalam semua anggota ordo serangga Hymenoptera (lebah, semut, dan tawon),[2] Coccidae,[3] dan Thysanoptera.[4] Sistem ini juga dapat ditemui dalam beberapa Tetranychidae, Homoptera, Coleoptera, dan Rotifera.

Akibat haplodiploiditas, seekor jantan tidak memiliki ayah dan tidak dapat memiliki anak laki-laki, namun punya kakek dan dapat memiliki cucu laki-laki. Selain itu, keterkaitan antar lebah pekerja (perempuan diploid) di sarang tercatat sebesar 0,75. Hal ini berarti bahwa para pekerja lebih berhubungan dekat bila dibandingkan dengan saudara dalam sistem penentuan seks lain.[5] Pertanyaan mengenai apakah haplodiploiditas mendorong evolusi eusosialitas masih diperdebatkan.[6][7]

Catatan kaki

  1. ^ King R.C; Stansfield W.D. and Mulligan P.K. 2006. A dictionary of genetics. 7th ed, Oxford University Press, p194. ISBN 0-19-530761-5
  2. ^ Grimaldi D. and Engel M.S. 2005. The evolution of the insects. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-82149-5
  3. ^ Gullan, P.J. and Cook, L.G. (2007) Phylogeny and higher classification of the scale insects Diarsipkan 2023-04-15 di Wayback Machine. Zootaxa 1668: 413–425
  4. ^ White, Michael J.D. (1984). "Chromosomal mechanisms in animal reproduction". Bolletino di zoologia (free full text). 51 (1-2): 1–23. doi:10.1080/11250008409439455. ISSN 0373-4137. 
  5. ^ Keterkaitan antar saudara dalam sistem penentuan seks lain biasanya 0,5.
  6. ^ Hughes W.O.H; et al. (2008). "Ancestral monogamy shows kin selection is key to the evolution of eusociality". Science. 320 (5880): 1213–1216. doi:10.1126/science.1156108. PMID 18511689. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2010-02-24. Diakses tanggal 2008-08-04. 
  7. ^ Edward O. Wilson (2005-09-12). "Kin selection as the key to altruism: its rise and fall". Social Research. 72: 1–8. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2012-10-23. Diakses tanggal 2011-03-25. 

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