Gangguan bipolar tipe I

Gangguan bipolar tipe I (BD-I) merupakan jenis gangguan spektrum bipolar yang ditandai dengan terjadinya satu episode manik, dengan atau tanpa campuran gangguan psikotik.[1]

Terkadang banyak penderita juga memiliki satu atau lebih episode depresif, dan semua mengalami fase hipomanik sebelum berkembang sepenuhnya menjadi episode manik.[2]

Ini merupakan tipe gangguan bipolar yang sesuai dengan konsep klasik penyakit manik-depresif, yang di dalamnya terdapat fase psikosis selama episode suasana hati.[3]

Diagnosa

Bentuk dasar dari gangguan bipolar tipe I adalah rangkaian klinis yang ditandai dengan munculnya satu atau lebih episode manik atau episode campuran. Seringkali, penderitanya memiliki satu atau lebih episode depresi mayor.[4] Diagnosis pada penderita bipolar cukup ditunjukkan dengan satu episode mania. Penderita tersebut tidak pasti memiliki riwayat gangguan depresi mayor.[5]

Episode yang disebabkan langsung oleh efek dari obat, perawatan somatik untuk depresi, penyalahgunaan obat-obatan terlarang, paparan zat berbahaya, maupun gangguan mood yang disebabkan oleh kondisi medis lainnya tidak dapat dilakukan dalam mendiganosis bipolar tipe I.

Gangguan bipolar tipe I hanya dapat dikonfirmasi dengan menunjukkan 1 episode manik penuh untuk diagnosis, namun bisa juga diikuti dengan episode hipomanik dan depresi.[6] Sedangkan dalam gangguan bipolar tipe II, diagnosis tidak termasuk episode manik penuh; sebaliknya, pada tipe ini terjadi episode hipomanik dan episode depresi mayor.[6]

[6] Tindakan membahayakan dilaporkan telah terjadi pada satu dari setiap sepuluh pasien bipolar tipe I dengan berbagai ciri psikotik. Prevalensinya pada kelompok ini berkaitan erat dengan upaya bunuh diri yang tinggi, penyalahgunaan alkohol, kesulitan dalam belajar, atau polaritas manik di episode pertama.[7]

Gangguan bipolar tipe I (dan gangguan bipolar tipe II) juga dapat berkomorbid dengan penyakit lain seperti PTSD, gangguan penggunaan zat terlarang, dan gangguan mood lainnya.[8][9]

Lebih dari 40% penderita bipolar juga memiliki PTSD, dan gangguan bipolar tipe I lebih banyak terjadi pada wanita.[8]

[8] Selain itu, episode pada gangguan bipolar tipe I tidak tumpang tindih dengan penyakit seperti gangguan skizoafektif, skizofrenia, gangguan skizofreniform, gangguan delusi, atau gangguan psikotik yang tidak dapat ditentukan.[10]

Referensi

  1. ^ "The Two Types of Bipolar Disorder". Psych Central.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-05-10. Diakses tanggal 25 November 2015. 
  2. ^ "Bipolar Disorder: Who's at Risk?". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2009-04-19. Diakses tanggal 22 November 2011. 
  3. ^ "What are the types of bipolar disorder?". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2004-05-31. Diakses tanggal 22 November 2011. 
  4. ^ "Online Bipolar Tests: How Much Can You Trust Them?". DepressionD. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-01-13. Diakses tanggal 7 January 2012. 
  5. ^ "Online Bipolar Tests: How Much Can You Trust Them?". DepressionD. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-01-13. Diakses tanggal 7 January 2012. 
  6. ^ a b c Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5. American Psychiatric Association., American Psychiatric Association. DSM-5 Task Force. (edisi ke-Fifth). Arlington, VA. 2013. ISBN 978-0-89042-559-6. OCLC 847226928. 
  7. ^ Khalsa, Hari-Mandir K.; Baldessarini, Ross J.; Tohen, Mauricio; Salvatore, Paola (2018-08-11). "Aggression among 216 patients with a first-psychotic episode of bipolar I disorder". International Journal of Bipolar Disorders. 6 (1): 18. doi:10.1186/s40345-018-0126-8. ISSN 2194-7511. PMC 6161985alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 30097737. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2022-11-24. Diakses tanggal 2021-11-30. 
  8. ^ a b c Cerimele, Joseph M.; Bauer, Amy M.; Fortney, John C.; Bauer, Mark S. (May 2017). "Patients With Co-Occurring Bipolar Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Rapid Review of the Literature". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 78 (5): e506–e514. doi:10.4088/JCP.16r10897. ISSN 1555-2101. PMID 28570791. 
  9. ^ Hunt, Glenn E.; Malhi, Gin S.; Cleary, Michelle; Lai, Harry Man Xiong; Sitharthan, Thiagarajan (December 2016). "Prevalence of comorbid bipolar and substance use disorders in clinical settings, 1990-2015: Systematic review and meta-analysis". Journal of Affective Disorders. 206: 331–349. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.07.011. ISSN 1573-2517. PMID 27476137. 
  10. ^ "Bipolar Disorder Residential Treatment Center Los Angeles". PCH Treatment. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-31. Diakses tanggal 25 November 2015. 

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