Ekologi tanah

Ekologi tanah adalah cabang ilmu yang mempelajari interaksi antara berbagai organisme, baik biotik maupun abiotik, dalam lingkungan tanah.[1] Tanah yang sehat berfungsi sebagai sistem aktif yang membentuk jaringan makanan dan aliran energi. Selain itu, tanah yang sehat memiliki peranan penting dalam berbagai aspek, seperti menyediakan media pertumbuhan bagi sistem akar, mengatur dan menyaring aliran nutrisi serta air, serta mempertahankan keanekaragaman hayati tanah yang esensial untuk menjaga kesehatan tanaman dari serangan hama dan gulma.[2]

Rantai Makanan dalam Ekosistem Tanah

Interaksi antara organisme biotik dan abiotik dalam ekosistem tanah berlangsung melalui aliran energi yang terjalin dalam jaringan makanan utama. Rantai makanan dalam ekosistem tanah terdiri dari tiga komponen utama[1]:

  1. Tingkat Pertama (Produsen) : Produsen adalah organisme yang dapat memproduksi makanan atau energi untuk organisme lain, termasuk tumbuhan, ganggang, lumut, dan bakteri fotosintetik. Mereka berperan dalam memanfaatkan sinar matahari untuk mengubah senyawa kimia kompleks melalui proses fotosintesis, yang selanjutnya dimanfaatkan oleh organisme lain dalam tanah, terutama konsumen[2].
  2. Tingkat Kedua (Konsumen) : Konsumen adalah organisme yang mengkonsumsi senyawa organik untuk memenuhi kebutuhan energi mereka. Ini mencakup herbivora dan karnivora. Organisme seperti cacing tanah, serangga, dan hewan tanah lainnya mendapatkan energi dari produsen[2].
  3. Tingkat Terakhir (Pengurai atau Dekomposer) : Pengurai, atau dekomposer, adalah organisme yang menguraikan senyawa organik dari tanaman, hewan, dan limbah organik lainnya. Mereka memperoleh nutrisi melalui proses respirasi dan fermentasi, memainkan peran penting dalam mendaur ulang nutrisi ke dalam ekosistem tanah[2].

Melalui interaksi ini, semua komponen dalam rantai makanan saling bergantung, membentuk jaringan yang penting bagi keberlangsungan ekosistem tanah.

Referensi

  1. ^ a b dkk, Prof Ir Muhajir Utomo, M. Sc , Ph D. (2016-03-01). Ilmu Tanah Dasar-Dasar dan Pengelolaan. Kencana. ISBN 978-602-0895-92-5. 
  2. ^ a b c d Simarmata, Tualar (Februari 2018). "Ekologi Biota Tanah". Research Gate. Diakses tanggal 2024-10-03. 

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