Dualisme

Dualisme adalah konsep filsafat yang menyatakan ada dua substansi. Dalam pandangan tentang hubungan antara jiwa dan raga, dualisme mengklaim bahwa fenomena mental adalah entitas non-fisik.^[1]

Gagasan tentang dualisme jiwa dan raga berasal setidaknya sejak zaman Plato dan Aristoteles, berhubungan dengan spekulasi tentang eksistensi jiwa yang terkait dengan kecerdasan dan kebijakan. Plato dan Aristoteles berpendapat dengan alasan berbeda, bahwa "kecerdasan" seseorang (bagian dari budi atau jiwa) tidak bisa diidentifikasi atau dijelaskan dengan fisik.^[2]^[3]

Versi dari dualisme yang dikenal secara umum diterapkan oleh René Descartes (1641), yang berpendapat bahwa budi adalah substansi non-fisik. Descartes adalah yang pertama kali mengidentifikasi dengan jelas budi dengan kesadaran dan membedakannya dengan otak, sebagai tempat kecerdasan. Sehingga, dia adalah yang pertama merumuskan permasalahan jiwa-raga dalam bentuknya yang ada sekarang.^[4] Dualisme bertentangan dengan berbagai jenis monisme, termasuk fisikalisme dan fenomenalisme. Substansi dualisme bertentangan dengan semua jenis materialisme, tetapi dualisme properti dapat dianggap sejenis materialisme emergent sehingga akan hanya bertentangan dengan materialisme non-emergent.^[5]

Referensi

^ Hart, W.D. (1996) "Dualism", dalam A Companion to the Philosophy of Mind, ed. Samuel Guttenplan, Oxford: Blackwell, h. 265-7.
^ Plato (390s-347 BC) Platonis Opera, vol. 1, Euthyphro, Apologia Socratis, Crito, Phaedo, Cratylus, Theaetetus, Sophistes, Politicus, ed. E.A. Duke, W.F. Hicken, W.S.M. Nicoll, D.B. Robinson dan J.C.G. Strachan, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995.
^ Aristotle (pertengahan abad-4 SM) Metaphysics (Metaphysica), ed. W.D. Ross, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1924, 2 vols; Books IV-VI, trans. C.A. Kirwan, Clarendon Aristotle Series, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971; Books VII-VIII trans. D. Bostock, Clarendon Aristotle Series, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994; Books XIII-XIV trans. J. Annas, Clarendon Aristotle Series, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976.
^ Descartes, R. (1641) Meditations on First Philosophy, dalam The Philosophical Writings of René Descartes, terjemahan oleh J. Cottingham, R. Stoothoff dan D. Murdoch, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984, vol. 2, pp. 1-62.
^ Robinson, Howard, "Dualism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2003 Edition), ed. Edward N. Zalta, http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2003/entries/dualism/.

Pranala luar

Dualism dalam Dictionary of Philosophy of Mind online
Dualism dalam Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Zombies dalam Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Mind and body, Rene Descartes to William James Diarsipkan 2007-09-29 di Wayback Machine.
Makalah Online tentang Materialisme dan Dualisme Diarsipkan 2012-12-12 di Archive.is

l b s Sistem kepercayaan
Abrahamisme · Akosmisme · Agnostisisme · Animisme · Antiagama · Ateisme · Dharmisme · Deisme · Dualisme · Esoterikisme · Teologi feminis · Gnostisisme · Henoteisme · Humanisme · Immanenke · Monisme · Monoteisme · Mistisisme · Naturalisme · Nondualisme · Pandeisme · Panteisme · Politeisme · Teologi Proses · Syamanisme · Taois · Teisme · Transenden · Zaman Baru		Portal Agama

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