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Druze

Druze
Al-Muwaḥḥidūn
موحدّون دروز


Total populasi
≈800.000[1][2][3]–2.000.000[4]
Pendiri
Hamzah bin Ali bin Ahmad[5]
Wilayah dengan populasi signifikan
 Suriah600.000[6][7]
 Lebanon250.000[8]
 Israel dan Dataran Tinggi Golan yang diduduki Israel143.000[9]
 Venezuela60.000[10][11]
 Amerika Serikat50.000[12][13]
 Kanada25.000[14]
 Yordania20.000[15]
 Australia20.000[16]
 Jerman10.000[17]
Agama
Kepercayaan Druze
Kitab suci
Rasa'il al-Hikmah
Bahasa

Druze atau Arab Druze (/ˈdrz/;[20] Arab: دَرْزِيٌّ, darzī atau Arab: دُرْزِيٌّ durzī, jamak دُرُوزٌ, durūz) adalah kelompok etnoreligius esoterik berbahasa Arab[21][22] dari Asia Barat yang menganut agama Druze, sebuah agama Abrahamik, monoteistik, sinkretis, dan etnis berdasarkan ajaran Hamzah bin Ali bin Ahmad dan filsuf Yunani Kuno seperti Plato, Aristoteles, Pythagoras, dan Zenon dari Kition.[23][24][25][26] Penganutnya menyebut dirinya sebagai "Monoteis" atau "Unitarian" (al-Muwaḥḥidūn).[27]

Kitab sucinya adalah Rasail al-Hikmah, menjadi sumber hukum dasar agama Druze.[28] Druze berasal dari gabungan agama Syiah Ismailiyah,[29] Kekristenan,[30][31] Gnostisisme, Neoplatonisme,[30][31] Zoroastrianisme,[32][33] Buddha,[34][35] Hindu, Pythagoreanisme,[36][37] dan filsafat dan keyakinan lainnya, sehingga menciptakan teologi yang berbeda dan rahasia berdasarkan interpretasi esoterik kitab suci, yang menekankan peran pikiran dan kebenaran.[27][37] Penganut Druze meyakini teofani dan reinkarnasi.[38] Druze meyakini bahwa pada akhir siklus kelahiran kembali, yang dicapai melalui reinkarnasi, jiwa akan bersatu dengan pemikiran kosmis (al-ʻaql al-kullī).[39]

Penganut Druze memiliki pujian istimewa kepada nabi dalam Al-Qur'an, Syuaib, yang mereka yakini sebagai orang yang sama dengan Yitro dalam Alkitab.[40] Druze meyakini bahwa Adam, Nuh, Abraham, Musa, Yesus, Muhammad, dan Ismail bin Ja'far merupakan nabi.[41] Tradisi Druze juga menghormati Salman al-Farisi,[42] Khidr (yang mereka yakini sebagai Elia, lahir kembali sebagai Yohanes Pembaptis dan Santo Georgius),[43] Ayub, Lukas sang Penginjil, dan lain-lainnya sebagai "pengajar" dan "nabi".[44]

Druze melarang orang asing masuk agamanya. Pernikahan beda agama sangat jarang dan sangat dipertanyakan. Kebanyakan praktik ibadahnya juga rahasia.[45]

Video clips from the archive of Israel Channel 2 Israeli News Company showing Israeli Druze men in traditional clothing. The flags shown are Druze flags.

Penganut Druze bukanlah seorang Muslim, meski berkembang dari agama Syiah Ismailiyah.[46][47] Keyakinan Druze menjadi salah satu kelompok religius terbesar di Syam, dengan populasi antara 800.000 hingga 1 juta pengikut. Banyak dijumpai di Lebanon, Suriah, dan Israel, dengan komunitas kecil di Yordania. Mereka mencakup 5,5% populasi Lebanon, 3% populasi Suriah, dan 1,6% populasi Israel. Populasi Druze terbanyak sekaligus tertua ada di Gunung Lebanon dan di selatan Suriah di sekitar Jabal ad-Duruz ("Gunung Druze").[48]

Masyarakat agama Druze memainkan peran yang sangat penting dalam membentuk sejarah Syam, karena turut memainkan peran politik yang signifikan.[49] Sebagai minoritas, mereka sering mengalami persekusi oleh berbagai rezim Muslim, termasuk ekstremisme Islam kontemporer..[50][51][52]

Lokasi

Kaum Druze kebanyakan tinggal di Lebanon, meskipun ada pula komunitas yang kecil di Israel, Suriah, dan Yordania.

Komunitas-komunitas besar yang terdiri dari kaum ekspatriat terdapat di Amerika Serikat, Kanada, Amerika Latin, Afrika Barat, Australia dan Eropa. Mereka menggunakan bahasa Arab dan mengikuti pola sosial yang sangat mirip dengan orang-orang Arab lainnya dari wilayah itu. Kebanyakan Druze menganggap diri mereka Arab.[53]

Diperkirakan ada sekitar 2,3 juta Druze di seluruh dunia, dan kebanyakan daripadanya berada di Levant atau Mediterania Timur.[54] Namun, sejumlah orang memperkirakan keseluruhan populasi Druze hanyalah sekitar 450.000 orang saja.[55]

Sejarah kaum Druze

Seorang perempuan Druze di Istanbul pada masa Kekaisaran Ottoman.

Agama ini berkembang dari Syi'ah Ismailiyah, sebuah gerakan filsafat yang didasarkan pada Bani Fatimiyah, pada abad ke-10. Agama ini tidak berusaha mengubah Islam arus utama melainkan menciptakan suatu agama yang sama sekali baru, yang dipegnaruhi antara lain oleh filsafat Yunani, Gnostisisme dan Kekristenan.

Ada dua pelaku utama pada tahun-tahun permulaannya: Penguasa Fātimiyah yang saleh Tariqu l-Ḥakīm (985–1021)--juga dikenal sebagai Al-hakim atau al-Ḥakīm bi-ˤAmru l-Lāh ("Pemimpin di dalam Nama Allah")--adalah seorang kalifah Ismaili dari Mesir yang dipercayai oleh sebagian orang sebagai benar-benar penjelmaan Allah. Imigran Persia Hamza ibn ˤAlī ibn Aḥmad adalah arsitek utama gerakan ini. Imām Ḥamza inilah yang pertama-tama secara terbuka mengumumkan bahwa Ḥakīm lebih daripada seorang manusia biasa.


Lihat pula

Pranala luar

Referensi

  1. ^ Carl Skutsch (7 November 2013). Skutsch, Carl, ed. Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities. Routledge. hlm. 410. ISBN 978-1-135-19388-1. Total Population: 800,000 
  2. ^ Robert Brenton Betts (1 January 1990). The Druze (edisi ke-illustrated, reprint, revised). Yale University Press. hlm. 55. ISBN 978-0-300-04810-0. The total population of Druze throughout the world probably approaches one million. 
  3. ^ Donna Marsh (11 May 2015). Doing Business in the Middle East: A cultural and practical guide for all Business Professionals (edisi ke-revised). Hachette UK. ISBN 978-1-4721-3567-4. It is believed there are no more than 1 million Druze worldwide; most live in the Levant. 
  4. ^ Samy Swayd (10 March 2015). Historical Dictionary of the Druzes (edisi ke-2). Rowman & Littlefield. hlm. 3. ISBN 978-1-4422-4617-1. The Druze world population at present is perhaps nearing two million; ... 
  5. ^ Hendrix, Scott; Okeja, Uchenna, ed. (2018). The World's Greatest Religious Leaders: How Religious Figures Helped Shape World History [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. hlm. 11. ISBN 978-1440841385. 
  6. ^ "Syria region map" (PNG). gulf2000.columbia.edu. 
  7. ^ Irshaid, Faisal (19 June 2015). "Syria's Druze under threat as conflict spreads". BBC News. 
  8. ^ Lebanon – International Religious Freedom Report 2008 U.S. Department of State. Retrieved on 2013-06-13.
  9. ^ "The Druze population in Israel – a collection of data on the occasion of the Prophet Shuaib holiday" (PDF). CBS – Israel. Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 2019-04-17. Diakses tanggal 2019-05-08. 
  10. ^ "Tariq Alaiseme [reportedly to be] vice-president of Venezuela" (dalam bahasa Arab). Aamama. 2013. : Referring governor Tareck El Aissami.
  11. ^ "Sending relief--and a message of inclusion and love—to our Druze sisters and brothers". 
  12. ^ Druze Traditions, Institute of Druze Studies, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 14 January 2009 
  13. ^ "Sending relief--and a message of inclusion and love—to our Druze sisters and brothers". 
  14. ^ "Dating Druze: The struggle to find love in a dwindling diaspora". www.cbc.ca. Diakses tanggal 1 May 2019. 
  15. ^ International Religious Freedom Report, US State Department, 2005 
  16. ^ "Druze Population of Australia by Place of Usual Residence (2006)". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Diakses tanggal 27 July 2010. 
  17. ^ "Drusentum - Die geheime Religion (2020)". Deutschlandfunk. Diakses tanggal 5 January 2021. 
  18. ^ Berdichevsky, Norman (2004-02-13). Nations, Language and Citizenship. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-2700-0. 
  19. ^ Brockman, Norbert (2011). Encyclopedia of Sacred Places, 2nd Edition [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. hlm. 259. ISBN 9781598846546. 
  20. ^ "Definition of druze". Dictionary.com. 2013-07-18. Diakses tanggal 2019-08-26. 
  21. ^ Chatty, Dawn (2010-03-15). Displacement and Dispossession in the Modern Middle East. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81792-9. 
  22. ^ Simon Harrison (2006). Fracturing Resemblances: Identity and Mimetic Conflict in Melanesia and the West. Berghahn Books. hlm. 121–. ISBN 978-1-57181-680-1. 
  23. ^ Abulafia, Anna Sapir (23 September 2019). "The Abrahamic religions". www.bl.uk. London: British Library. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 12 July 2020. Diakses tanggal 9 March 2021. 
  24. ^ Obeid, Anis (2006). The Druze & Their Faith in Tawhid. Syracuse University Press. hlm. 1. ISBN 978-0-8156-5257-1. 
  25. ^ Léo-Paul Dana (1 January 2010). Entrepreneurship and Religion. Edward Elgar Publishing. hlm. 314. ISBN 978-1-84980-632-9. 
  26. ^ Terri Morrison; Wayne A. Conaway (24 July 2006). Kiss, Bow, Or Shake Hands: The Bestselling Guide to Doing Business in More Than 60 CountriesAkses gratis dibatasi (uji coba), biasanya perlu berlangganan (edisi ke-illustrated). Adams Media. hlm. 259. ISBN 978-1-59337-368-9. 
  27. ^ a b Doniger, Wendy (1999). Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World ReligionsPerlu mendaftar (gratis). Merriam-Webster, Inc. ISBN 978-0-87779-044-0. 
  28. ^ Nejla M. Abu Izzeddin (1993). The Druzes: A New Study of their History, Faith, and Society. Brill. hlm. 108. ISBN 978-90-04-09705-6. 
  29. ^ Daftary, Farhad (2013-12-02). A History of Shi'i Islam. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-0-85773-524-9. 
  30. ^ a b Quilliam, Neil (1999). Syria and the New World Order. Michigan University press. hlm. 42. ISBN 9780863722493. 
  31. ^ a b The New Encyclopaedia BritannicaPerlu mendaftar (gratis). Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1992. hlm. 237. ISBN 9780852295533. Druze religious beliefs developed out of Isma'ill teachings. Various Jewish, Christian, Gnostic, Neoplatonic, and Iranian elements, however, are combined under a doctrine of strict monotheism. 
  32. ^ Philip Khuri Hitti (1928). The Origins of the Druze People and Religion: With Extracts from Their Sacred Writings. Library of Alexandria. hlm. 27–. ISBN 978-1-4655-4662-3. 
  33. ^ Kamāl Sālibī (2005). The Druze: realities & perceptions. Druze Heritage Foundation. hlm. 186 190. ISBN 978-1-904850-06-9. 
  34. ^ Claude Reignier Conder (20 September 2018). Palestine. BoD – Books on Demand. hlm. 80–. ISBN 978-3-7340-3986-7. 
  35. ^ Al-Rāfidān. Kokushikan Daigaku, Iraku Kodai Bunka Kenkyūjo. 1989. hlm. 2–. 
  36. ^ Rosenthal, Donna (2003). The Israelis: Ordinary People in an Extraordinary Land. Simon and Schuster. hlm. 296. ISBN 978-0-684-86972-8. 
  37. ^ a b Kapur, Kamlesh (2010). History of Ancient India. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 978-81-207-4910-8. 
  38. ^ Nisan 2002, hlm. 95.
  39. ^ "Druze". druze.org.au. 2015. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 14 February 2016. 
  40. ^ A Political and Economic Dictionary of the Middle East. Routledge. 2013. ISBN 9781135355616. 
  41. ^ Finegan, Jack (1981). Discovering Israel: An Archeological Guide to the Holy Land (dalam bahasa Inggris). Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-1869-0. 
  42. ^ D Nisan, Mordechai (2015). Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-Expression, 2d ed. McFarland. hlm. 94. ISBN 9780786451333. 
  43. ^ Swayd, Samy (2015). Historical Dictionary of the Druzes. Rowman & Littlefield. hlm. 77. ISBN 978-1442246171. 
  44. ^ S. Swayd, Samy (2009). The A to Z of the Druzes. Rowman & Littlefield. hlm. 109. ISBN 9780810868366. They also cover the lives and teachings of some biblical personages, such as Job, Jethro, Jesus, John, Luke, and others 
  45. ^ "Druze | History, Religion, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2022-11-13. 
  46. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama De McLaurin 1979 114
  47. ^ "Druze in Syria". Harvard University. The Druze are an ethnoreligious group concentrated in Syria, Lebanon, and Israel with around one million adherents worldwide. The Druze follow a millenarian offshoot of Isma’ili Shi'ism. Followers emphasize Abrahamic monotheism but consider the religion as separate from Islam. 
  48. ^ Radwan, Chad K. (June 2009). Assessing Druze identity and strategies for preserving Druze heritage in North America (Tesis MA thesis). University of South Florida. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3158&context=etd. 
  49. ^ Zabad, Ibrahim (2017). Middle Eastern Minorities: The Impact of the Arab Spring. Taylor & Francis. hlm. 125. ISBN 9781317096733. Although the Druze are a tiny community, they have played a vital role in the politics of the Levant 
  50. ^ J. Stewart, Dona (2008). The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives. Routledge. hlm. 33. ISBN 9781135980795. 
  51. ^ Al-Khalidi, Suleiman (11 June 2015). "Calls for aid to Syria's Druze after al Qaeda kills 20". Reuters. 
  52. ^ "Syria: ISIS Imposes 'Sharia' on Idlib's Druze". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 20 May 2015. Diakses tanggal 12 May 2015. 
  53. ^ Walid Jumlat, head of Lebanese Progressive Party. Op-ed: 'The Arabs must unite above all else' (perlu pendaftaran).
  54. ^ [1]
  55. ^ "Salinan arsip". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-01-06. Diakses tanggal 2006-08-15. 
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