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Dorgah (bahasa Persia: درگاه dargâh atau درگه dargah, Turki: dergâh, Hindustan: dargāh दरगाह درگاہ, bahasa Bengali: দরগাহ dôrgah) adalah tempat suci yang dibangun di atas makam/kuburan seorang tokoh agama yang dihormati, biasanya wali sufi atau darwis. Penganut Sufisme banyak mengunjungi dorgah untuk ziarah. Dorgah sering disinambungkan dengan ruang pertemuan jemaah, yang disebut khanqah. Khanqah umumnya meliputi masjid, ruang pertemuan, sekolah agama (madrasah), tempat tinggal guru atau pengasuh, rumah sakit, dan bangunan lain untuk kepentingan masyarakat.

Bangunan yang sama, yang memberi pemaknaan serta praktik yang sama atau hampir sama, disebut maqam di dunia berbahasa Arab.

Etimologi

Dorgah berasal dari kata Persia yang secara harfiah berarti "gerbang" atau "perbatasan".^[1] Kata tersebut berasal dari kata dar (در) yang berarti "pintu, gerbang" dan gah (گاه) yang berarti "tempat". Kemungkinan berkonotasi dengan kata Arab darajah (دَرَجَة) yang berarti "kedudukan, prestise, martabat, tempat, pangkat, eselon, kelas sosial." Tokoh-tokoh Muslim, terutama Sufi mengakui bahwa dorgah adalah gerbang tempat orang-orang berziarah dan bertawasul dengan orang-orang yang sudah meninggal, yang dikenal sebagai dawat-e qaboor ^[2] [Persia: da'wat-i qabũr دعوتِ قبور "doa ziarah kubur"] atau 'ilm-e dawat [Persia: 'ilm-i da'wat عِلمِ دعوت, "ilmu doa"]). Pihak yang lain memandang bahwa dorgah dikunjungi sebagai sarana untuk menghormati orang-orang saleh yang telah meninggal atau untuk berdoa di tempat tersebut untuk mendapatkan manfaat spiritual.

Dorgah awalnya merupakan inti dalam Sufi dan sangat penting bagi para pengikut para wali Sufi. Ada yang meyakini bahwa apa yang diharapkan terpenuhi setelah bertawasul dengan wali yang mereka jadikan anutan. Dorgah banyak terdapat di wilayah Punjab bahkan sebelum pembagian anak benua India.^[3]

Seiring waktu, persembahan musik oleh para darwis dan syekh Sufi banyak dilakukan di tempat ini, umumnya terjadi dadakan atau pada saat urs, sehingga lahirlah genre musik seperti Qawwali dan Kafi, yakni ketika syair-syair Sufi diiringi musik dan dinyanyikan sebagai persembahan. kepada seorang mursyid (guru spiritual). Kini menjadi bentuk musik dan hiburan yang populer di seluruh Asia Selatan, dengan tokoh-tokohnya seperti Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan dan Abida Parveen membawa musik ini ke berbagai belahan dunia.^[4]^[5]

Di dunia Muslim di luar Arab

Dorgah ditemukan di sejumlah komunitas Muslim Sufi di seluruh dunia dan disebut dengan banyak nama. Istilah dorgah umum di dunia Islam yang dipengaruhi Persia, terutama di Iran, Turki, dan Asia Selatan.^[6]

Di Afrika Selatan, kata tersebut digunakan untuk merujuk kepada tempat suci di daerah Durban yang kental dengan kehadiran India, sedangkan istilah keramat lebih umum digunakan di Cape Town, yang memiliki budaya Melayu Cape yang kuat.^[7]

Di Asia Selatan, dorgah sering menjadi tempat untuk memperingati kelahiran (milad) serta kematian (urs) dari orang suci yang telah meninggal. Dorgah biasanya diterangi dengan lilin atau lampu listrik saat ini.^[8] Dorgah di Asia Selatan, secara historis menjadi tempat berkegiatan masyarakat lintas agama sejak abad pertengahan; misalnya, Ajmer Sharif Dargah dijadikan tempat pertemuan bagi umat Hindu dan Muslim untuk tempat penghormatan, bahkan kepada Mu'in al-Din Chishti.^[9]^[10]

Di Tiongkok, istilah gongbei biasanya digunakan untuk sarana peribadatan yang berpusat di sekitar makam orang suci Sufi.^[11]

Di seluruh dunia

Banyak dorgah yang terbuka untuk umum dan dapat dimasuki untuk berziarah. Misalnya:

Makam Abdul Qadir Jailani di Bagdad, Irak
Makam Lal Shahbaz Qalandar di Sehwan Sharif, Pakistan
Makam Pir Hadi Hassan Bux Shah Jilani di Duthro Sharif, Pakistan
Makam Baba Bulleh Shah di Kasur, Pakistan
Piran Kaliyar Sharif di Kaliyar Sharif, Roorke, India.
Makam Mursyid Nadir Ali Shah di Sehwan Sharif, Pakistan
Data Darbar di Lahore, Pakistan
Shah Jalal Dargah di Sylhet, Bangladesh
Ajmer Sharif Dargah dari Moinuddin Chishti, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
Makam Ashraf Jahangir Semnani di Ashrafpur Kichhauchha, Uttar Pradesh, India
Dargah Shah Ata di Gangarampur, Benggala Barat, India ^[12]
Erwadi, Tamil Nadu, India
Nagore, Tamil Nadu, India
Thiruparankundram Dargah, Tamil Nadu, India
Humaithara, Mesir
Madurai Hazrat Maqbara, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India^[13]
Syekh Nazim Al-Haqqani di Lefka, Siprus^[14]

Tentangan dari kelompok Sunni lainnya

Ulama Ahli Hadis, Deobandi, Salafi, dan Wahhabi melawan praktik membangun bangunan di atas kuburan, dan menganggapnya sebagai menyekutukan Allah (syirik).^[15] Menurut salah satu riwayat, Nabi Islam Muhammadmengecam orang-orang yang membangun bangunan di atas kuburan sebagai sarana peribadatan.^[16]^[17] Wangsa Saud di Arab Saudi saat ini sukses menghancurkan bangunan di atas kuburan para sahabat dan ahlulbait kembali ke bentuk semula, termasuk Utsman, Khadijah, Aisyah, dan masih banyak lagi.^[18]^[19]^[20] Mengunjungi makam disunnahkan dalam Islam untuk mengingat kematian dan Pengadilan Terakhir.^[20]^[21]^[22]

Lihat pula

Daftar pustaka

Ernst, Carl W. The Spirituality of the Sufi Shrine – Chapter9, The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Islamic Spirituality, 2022. pp. 165–179.

Referensi

^ Delage, Remy; Boivin, Michel (2015). Devotional Islam in Contemporary South Asia: Shrines, Journeys and Wanderers. Routledge. ISBN 978-1317380009.
^ Bilgrami, Fatima Zehra (2005). History of the Qadiri Order in India. Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli. hlm. 291.
^ Snehi, Yogesh (October 2013). "Replicating Memory, Creating Images: Pirs and Dargahs in Popular Art and Media of Contemporary East Punjab". Diakses tanggal 2020-06-07.
^ Kafi South Asian folklore: an encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, by Peter J. Claus, Sarah Diamond, Margaret Ann Mills. Taylor & Francis, 2003. ISBN 0-415-93919-4. p. 317.
^ Kafi Crossing boundaries, by Geeti Sen. Orient Blackswan, 1998. ISBN 8125013415. p. 133.
^ Alkazi, Feisal (2014). Srinagar: An Architectural Legacy. New Delhi: Roli Books. ISBN 978-9351940517.
^ Acri, Andrea; Ghani, Kashshaf; Jha, Murari K.; Mukherjee, Sraman (2019). Imagining Asia(s): Networks, Actors, Sites. Singapore: ISEAS. ISBN 978-9814818858.
^ Currim, Mumtaz; Michell, George (1 September 2004). Dargahs, Abodes of the Saints. Mumbai: Marg Publications. ISBN 978-8185026657.
^ Khan, Motiur Rahman (2010). "Akbar and the Dargah of Ajmer". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli. 71: 226–235. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44147489.
^ "How Dargahs Unite People Of All Faiths". nayadaur.tv. 24 November 2020.
^ "Muslim Architecture". China.org. Diakses tanggal 2020-06-07.
^ "History of Dargah of Shah Ata". Asikolkata.in. ASI, Kolkata Circle. Diakses tanggal 2017-08-22.
^ "Maqbara.com – Madurai Hazraths Maqbara".
^ "Sheikh Nazım Al Haqqani Al Qubrusi An Naqshibandi". Diakses tanggal 6 April 2016.
^ "Building Mosques or Placing Lights on Graves" (PDF). 21 March 2008. Diakses tanggal 11 July 2014.
^ "Sahih Muslim 528a – The Book of Mosques and Places of Prayer – Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)".
^ "Sahih al-Bukhari 3453, 3454 – Prophets – Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)".
^ "Sunan an-Nasa'i 2048 – The Book of Funerals – Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". sunnah.com.
^ "Sunan an-Nasa'i 2047 – The Book of Funerals – Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". sunnah.com.
^ ^a ^b Ondrej, Beranek; Tupek, Pavel (July 2009). Naghmeh, Sohrabi, ed. From Visiting Graves to Their Destruction: The Question of Ziyara through the Eyes of Salafis (PDF). Crown Paper (Crown Center for Middle East Studies/Brandeis University). Brandeis University. Crown Center for Middle East Studies. hlm. 19. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 10 August 2018. Relying mainly on hadiths and the Qur’an, Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab’s most famous work, The Book of God’s Unicity (Kitab al-tawhid), describes a variety of shirk practices, such as occultism, the cult of the righteous (salih), intercession, oaths calling on other than God himself, sacrifices or invocational prayers to other than God, and asking other than Him for help. Important things about graves are remarked on in a chapter entitled “About the Condemnation of One Who Worships Allah at the Grave of a Righteous Man, and What if He Worships [the Dead] Himself.”72 Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab starts by quoting a hadith: “Umm Salama told the messenger of Allah about a church she had seen in Abyssinia in which there were pictures. The Prophet said: ‘Those people, when a righteous member of their community or a pious slave dies, they build a mosque over his grave and paint images thereon; they are for God wicked people.’ They combine two kinds of fitna: the fitna of graves and the fitna of images.” He then continues with another hadith: “When the messenger of Allah was close to death, he ... said: ‘May Allah curse the Jews and Christians who make the graves of their prophets into places of worship; do not imitate them.’” From this hadith Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab derives the prohibition of building places of worship over graves, because that would mean glorification of their inhabitants, which would amount to an act of worship to other than Allah.
^ "The Book of Prayer – Funerals – Sahih Muslim". Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم). Diakses tanggal 6 April 2016.
^ "Shrine – Oxford Islamic Studies Online". www.oxfordislamicstudies.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2018-08-10. Many modern Islamic reformers criticize visits to shrines as mere superstition and a deviation from true Islam.

[1] Delage, Remy; Boivin, Michel (2015). Devotional Islam in Contemporary South Asia: Shrines, Journeys and Wanderers. Routledge. ISBN 978-1317380009.

[2] Bilgrami, Fatima Zehra (2005). History of the Qadiri Order in India. Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli. hlm. 291.

[3] Snehi, Yogesh (October 2013). "Replicating Memory, Creating Images: Pirs and Dargahs in Popular Art and Media of Contemporary East Punjab". Diakses tanggal 2020-06-07.

[enc-4] Kafi South Asian folklore: an encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, by Peter J. Claus, Sarah Diamond, Margaret Ann Mills. Taylor & Francis, 2003. ISBN 0-415-93919-4. p. 317.

[5] Kafi Crossing boundaries, by Geeti Sen. Orient Blackswan, 1998. ISBN 8125013415. p. 133.

[6] Alkazi, Feisal (2014). Srinagar: An Architectural Legacy. New Delhi: Roli Books. ISBN 978-9351940517.

[7] Acri, Andrea; Ghani, Kashshaf; Jha, Murari K.; Mukherjee, Sraman (2019). Imagining Asia(s): Networks, Actors, Sites. Singapore: ISEAS. ISBN 978-9814818858.

[8] Currim, Mumtaz; Michell, George (1 September 2004). Dargahs, Abodes of the Saints. Mumbai: Marg Publications. ISBN 978-8185026657.

[9] Khan, Motiur Rahman (2010). "Akbar and the Dargah of Ajmer". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli. 71: 226–235. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44147489.

[10] "How Dargahs Unite People Of All Faiths". nayadaur.tv. 24 November 2020.

[11] "Muslim Architecture". China.org. Diakses tanggal 2020-06-07.

[12] "History of Dargah of Shah Ata". Asikolkata.in. ASI, Kolkata Circle. Diakses tanggal 2017-08-22.

[13] "Maqbara.com – Madurai Hazraths Maqbara".

[14] "Sheikh Nazım Al Haqqani Al Qubrusi An Naqshibandi". Diakses tanggal 6 April 2016.

[muslimhomeschool-15] "Building Mosques or Placing Lights on Graves" (PDF). 21 March 2008. Diakses tanggal 11 July 2014.

[16] "Sahih Muslim 528a – The Book of Mosques and Places of Prayer – Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)".

[17] "Sahih al-Bukhari 3453, 3454 – Prophets – Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)".

[18] "Sunan an-Nasa'i 2048 – The Book of Funerals – Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". sunnah.com.

[19] "Sunan an-Nasa'i 2047 – The Book of Funerals – Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". sunnah.com.

[brandeis-20] Ondrej, Beranek; Tupek, Pavel (July 2009). Naghmeh, Sohrabi, ed. From Visiting Graves to Their Destruction: The Question of Ziyara through the Eyes of Salafis (PDF). Crown Paper (Crown Center for Middle East Studies/Brandeis University). Brandeis University. Crown Center for Middle East Studies. hlm. 19. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 10 August 2018. Relying mainly on hadiths and the Qur’an, Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab’s most famous work, The Book of God’s Unicity (Kitab al-tawhid), describes a variety of shirk practices, such as occultism, the cult of the righteous (salih), intercession, oaths calling on other than God himself, sacrifices or invocational prayers to other than God, and asking other than Him for help. Important things about graves are remarked on in a chapter entitled “About the Condemnation of One Who Worships Allah at the Grave of a Righteous Man, and What if He Worships [the Dead] Himself.”72 Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab starts by quoting a hadith: “Umm Salama told the messenger of Allah about a church she had seen in Abyssinia in which there were pictures. The Prophet said: ‘Those people, when a righteous member of their community or a pious slave dies, they build a mosque over his grave and paint images thereon; they are for God wicked people.’ They combine two kinds of fitna: the fitna of graves and the fitna of images.” He then continues with another hadith: “When the messenger of Allah was close to death, he ... said: ‘May Allah curse the Jews and Christians who make the graves of their prophets into places of worship; do not imitate them.’” From this hadith Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab derives the prohibition of building places of worship over graves, because that would mean glorification of their inhabitants, which would amount to an act of worship to other than Allah.

[21] "The Book of Prayer – Funerals – Sahih Muslim". Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم). Diakses tanggal 6 April 2016.

[22] "Shrine – Oxford Islamic Studies Online". www.oxfordislamicstudies.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2018-08-10. Many modern Islamic reformers criticize visits to shrines as mere superstition and a deviation from true Islam.

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PROFILPELAJAR.COM

Dorgah

Etimologi

Di dunia Muslim di luar Arab

Di seluruh dunia

Tentangan dari kelompok Sunni lainnya

Lihat pula

Daftar pustaka

Referensi

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