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Demosthenes
Demosthenes
	Patung dada Demosthenes (Louvre, Paris, Prancis)
Lahir	384 SM; Athena
Meninggal	322 SM (usia 62); Pulau Kalaureia (sekarang Poros)

Demosthenes (/dɪˈmɒs.θəniːz/; bahasa Yunani: Δημοσθένης Dēmosthénēs [dɛːmostʰénɛːs]; 384–322 BC) adalah seorang orator dan negarawan Yunani berpengaruh dari Athena kuno. Orasi-orasinya memperlihatkan sebuah ekspresi yang signifikan dari kekuatan kecerdasan Athena pada zamannya dan berpengaruh pada politik dan budaya Yunani kuno pada abad ke-4 SM. Demosthenes mengetahui retorik dengan mempelajari pidato para orator besar pada masa sebelumnya. Ia menyampaikan pidato yudisial pertamanya pada usia 20 tahun

Tahun-tahun awal dan kehidupan pribadi

Kehidupan pribadi dan keluarga

Demosthenes lahir pada 384 SM, pada tahun terakhir Olympiad ke-98 atau tahun pertama Olympiad ke-99.^[1] Ayahnya—yang juga bernama Demosthenes—berasal dari sebuah suku lokal, Pandionis, dan tinggal di deme Paeania^[2] di wilayah Athena, adalah seorang pembuat senjata kelas menengah.^[3] Aeschines, lawan politik terbesar Demosthenes, menyatakan bahwa ibunya Kleoboule berdarah Scythia^[4]—sebuah pernyataan yang diragukan oleh beberapa sarjana modern.^[a] Demosthenes menjadi anak yatim pada usia tujuh tahun.

Referensi

^ H. Weil, Biography of Demosthenes, 5–6
^ Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon, 171
^ E. Badian, "The Road to Prominence", 11
^ Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon, 172

Sumber

Sumber utama (Yunani dan Romawi)

Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
Aeschines, Against Timarchus. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
Aeschines, The Speech on the Embassy. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae. Translated in English by Charles Duke Yonge.
Cicero, Brutus. See the original text in the Latin Library
Cicero, De Oratore. See original text in Perseus Digital Library.
Cicero, Orator. See the original text in the Latin Library.
Demades, On the Twelve Years. See original text in Perseus program.
Demosthenes, Against Aphobus 1. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
Demosthenes, Against Aphobus 3. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
Demosthenes, Against Aristocrates. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
Demosthenes, Against Meidias. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
Demosthenes, Against Zenothemis. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
Demosthenes, First Olynthiac.
Demosthenes, First Philippic.
Demosthenes, For the Freedom of the Rhodians
Demosthenes, Fourth Philippic. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
Demosthenes (or Hegesippus), On Halonnesus. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
Demosthenes, On the Crown.
Demosthenes, On the False Embassy.
Demosthenes, On the Peace.
Demosthenes, Second Olynthiac.
Demosthenes, Second Philippic.
Demosthenes, Third Olynthiac.
Demosthenes, Third Philippic.
Dinarchus, Against Demosthenes. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
Diodorus Siculus, Library. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, On the Admirable Style of Demosthenes.
Hypereides,Against Demosthenes. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library
Juvenal, Saturae. See original text in the Latin Library. Translated in English by M. Madan
Longinus, On the Sublime. Translated by W. Rhys Roberts Diarsipkan 2011-08-06 di Wayback Machine.
Lucian, Demosthenes, An Encomium. Translated in Sacred Texts
Lucian, The Illiterate Book-Fancier. Translated in Sacred Texts
Pausanias, Description of Greece. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
Plutarch, Cicero. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
Plutarch, Demosthenes. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
Plutarch, Phocion. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
Polybius, Histories. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library
Pseudo-Plutarch, Aeschines. See Charles Barcroft's translation.
Pseudo-Plutarch, Demosthenes. See Charles Barcroft's translation Diarsipkan 2011-08-06 di Wayback Machine..
Quintilian, Institutiones. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library and the Latin Library.

Sumber sekunder

Badian, Ernst (2002). "The Road to Prominence". Dalam Worthington, Ian. Demosthenes: Statesman and Orator. Routledge. ISBN 0-203-18769-5.
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Burke, Edmund M. (1998). "The Looting of the Estate of the Elder Pericles". Classica et Mediaevalia V. 49 edited by Ole Thomsen. Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 87-7289-535-7.
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Cox, Cheryl Anne (1998). "The Nonkinsman, the Oikos, and the Household". Household Interests: Property, Marriage Strategies, and Family Dynamics in Ancient Athens. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01572-4.
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Droysen, Johann Gustav (1999). Apostolidis, Renos; Apostolidis, Irkos; Apostolidis, Stantis, ed. History of Alexander the Great (dalam bahasa Greek [translated by Renos Apostolidis]). Credit Bank (Trapeza Pisteos). ISBN 960-85313-5-7.
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Yunis, Harvey (2001). Demosthenes: On the Crown. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-62930-6.
Yunis, Harvey (2005). "The Rhetoric of Law in Fourth-Century Athens". The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Greek Law edited by Michael Gagarin, David Cohen. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-81840-0.

Bacaan tambahan

Adams, Charles Darwin (1927). Demosthenes and His Influence. New York: Longmans.
Brodribb, William Jackson (1877). Demosthenes. J.B. Lippincott & co.
Bryan, William Jennings (1906). The world's famous orations (Volume 1). New York: Funk and Wagnalls Company.
Butcher, Samuel Henry (1888). Demosthenes. Macmillan & co.
Clemenceau, Georges (1926). Demosthène. Plon.
Easterling P. E., Knox Bernard M. W. (1985). The Cambridge History of Classical Literature. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-21042-9.
Kennedy, George A. (1963). Art of Persuasion in Greece. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University press.
Murphy, James J., ed. (1967). Demosthenes' "On the Crown": A Critical Case Study of a Masterpiece of Ancient Oratory. New York: Random House.
Pearson, Lionel (1981). The art of Demosthenes. Chico, CA: Scholars press. ISBN 0-89130-551-3.
Renault, Mary (1975). The nature of Alexander. Here and in her fiction, Renault portrays Demosthenes as corrupt, cowardly and cruel.