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Chicago Pile-1 (CP-1) adalah reaktor nuklir buatan pertama di dunia. Pada tanggal 2 Desember 1942, reaksi berantai nuklir mandiri buatan manusia pertama dimulai di CP-1, selama percobaan yang dipimpin oleh Enrico Fermi. Pengembangan rahasia reaktor tersebut merupakan pencapaian teknis besar pertama untuk Proyek Manhattan, upaya Sekutu untuk membuat bom atom selama Perang Dunia II. Dikembangkan oleh Metallurgical Laboratory di University of Chicago, bangunan ini dibangun di bawah gardu pandang barat Stagg Field yang asli. Meskipun para pemimpin sipil dan militer proyek memiliki keraguan tentang kemungkinan reaksi pelarian yang membawa bencana, mereka memercayai perhitungan keselamatan Fermi dan memutuskan bahwa mereka dapat melakukan eksperimen di daerah padat penduduk. Fermi menggambarkan reaktor itu sebagai "tumpukan batu bata hitam dan kayu kayu mentah".^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]

Reaktor dirakit pada bulan November 1942, oleh tim yang terdiri dari Fermi, Leo Szilard (yang sebelumnya telah merumuskan ide untuk reaksi berantai non-fisi), Leona Woods, Herbert L. Anderson, Walter Zinn, Martin D. Whitaker, dan George Yah. Reaktor tersebut menggunakan uranium alam. Ini membutuhkan bahan yang sangat besar untuk mencapai kekritisan, bersama dengan grafit yang digunakan sebagai moderator neutron. Reaktor tersebut berisi 45.000 blok grafit ultra-murni seberat 360 short ton (330 t), dan berbahan bakar 5,4 short ton (4,9 t) uranium.logam dan 45 ton pendek (41 t) uranium oksida. Tidak seperti kebanyakan reaktor nuklir berikutnya, ia tidak memiliki pelindung radiasi atau sistem pendingin karena beroperasi pada daya yang sangat rendah – sekitar setengah watt.^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24]

Pengejaran untuk reaktor telah dipicu oleh kekhawatiran bahwa Nazi Jerman memiliki keunggulan ilmiah yang substansial. Keberhasilan Chicago Pile-1 memberikan demonstrasi pertama yang jelas tentang kelayakan penggunaan energi nuklir oleh militer dan Sekutu, serta kenyataan bahaya bahwa Nazi Jerman dapat berhasil memproduksi senjata nuklir. Sebelumnya, perkiraan massa kritis adalah perhitungan kasar, yang mengarah pada ketidakpastian urutan besarnya tentang ukuran bom hipotetis. Keberhasilan penggunaan grafit sebagai moderator membuka jalan bagi kemajuan dalam upaya Sekutu, sedangkan program Jerman merana sebagian karena keyakinan bahwa air berat yang langka dan mahal harus digunakan untuk tujuan itu.^[25]^[26]^[27]^[28]^[29]^[30]^[31]^[32]^[33]^[34]^[35]^[36]^[37]^[38]^[39]^[40]^[41]

Pada tahun 1943, CP-1 dipindahkan ke Red Gate Woods, dan dikonfigurasi ulang menjadi Chicago Pile-2 (CP-2). Di sana, reaktor itu dioperasikan untuk penelitian hingga 1954, ketika dibongkar dan dikubur. Stand di Stagg Field dihancurkan pada bulan Agustus 1957; situs ini sekarang menjadi National Historic Landmark dan Chicago Landmark.

Catatan

^ Ölander, Arne. "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1956 – Award Ceremony Speech". The Nobel Foundation. Diakses tanggal 23 September 2015.
^ Wellerstein, Alex (16 May 2014). "Szilard's chain reaction: visionary or crank?". Restricted Data. Diakses tanggal 23 September 2015.
^ Szilard, Leo. "Improvements in or relating to the transmutation of chemical elements, British patent number: GB630726 (filed: 28 June 1934; published: 30 March 1936)". Diakses tanggal 23 September 2015.
^ Hahn, O.; Strassmann, F. (1939). "Über den Nachweis und das Verhalten der bei der Bestrahlung des Urans mittels Neutronen entstehenden Erdalkalimetalle (On the detection and characteristics of the alkaline earth metals formed by irradiation of uranium with neutrons)". Die Naturwissenschaften. 27 (1): 11–15. Bibcode:1939NW.....27...11H. doi:10.1007/BF01488241.
^ Meitner, Lise; Frisch, O. R. (1939). "Disintegration of Uranium by Neutrons: a New Type of Nuclear Reaction". Nature. 143 (3615): 239–240. Bibcode:1939Natur.143..239M. doi:10.1038/143239a0.
^ Brasch, A.; Lange, F.; Waly, A.; Banks, T. E.; Chalmers, T. A.; Szilard, Leo; Hopwood, F. L. (8 December 1934). "Liberation of Neutrons from Beryllium by X-Rays: Radioactivity Induced by Means of Electron Tubes". Nature. 134 (3397): 880. Bibcode:1934Natur.134..880B. doi:10.1038/134880a0. ISSN 0028-0836.
^ Anderson, H. L.; Booth, E. T.; Dunning, J. R.; Fermi, E.; Glasoe, G. N.; Slack, F. G. (1939). "The Fission of Uranium". Physical Review. 55 (5): 511–512. Bibcode:1939PhRv...55..511A. doi:10.1103/physrev.55.511.2.
^ Anderson, H. L.; Fermi, E.; Hanstein, H. (16 March 1939). "Production of Neutrons in Uranium Bombarded by Neutrons". Physical Review. 55 (8): 797–798. Bibcode:1939PhRv...55..797A. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.55.797.2.
^ Anderson, H.L. (April 1973). "Early Days of Chain Reaction". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc. 29 (4): 8–12. Bibcode:1973BuAtS..29d...8A. doi:10.1080/00963402.1973.11455466.
^ "Alfred O. C. Nier". American Physical Society. Diakses tanggal 4 December 2016.
^ Anderson, H.; Fermi, E.; Szilárd, L. (1 August 1939). "Neutron Production and Absorption in Uranium". Physical Review. 56 (3): 284–286. Bibcode:1939PhRv...56..284A. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.56.284.
^ Weinberg, Alvin (1994a). "Herbert G. MacPherson". Memorial Tributes. National Academy of Engineering Press. 46 (7): 143–147. Bibcode:1993PhT....46g.103W. doi:10.1063/1.2808987 . ISSN 1075-8844.
^ Bethe, Hans A. (2000). "The German Uranium Project". Physics Today. American Institute of Physics. 53 (7): 34–36. Bibcode:2000PhT....53g..34B. doi:10.1063/1.1292473.
^ Eatherly, W. P. (1981). "Nuclear graphite – the first years". Journal of Nuclear Materials. 100 (1–3): 55–63. Bibcode:1981JNuM..100...55E. doi:10.1016/0022-3115(81)90519-5.
^ "Einstein's Letter to Franklin D. Roosevelt". Atomic Archive. Diakses tanggal 20 December 2015.
^ "Pa, this requires action!". The Atomic Heritage Foundation. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 29 October 2012. Diakses tanggal 26 May 2007.
^ International Atomic Energy Agency. "Nuclear Data for Safeguards". www-nds.iaea.org. Diakses tanggal 16 August 2016.
^ Bearak, Barry (16 September 2011). "Where Football and Higher Education Mix". The New York Times. Diakses tanggal 2 December 2015.
^ ""Site A" at Red Gate Woods & The World's First Nuclear Reactor". Forest Preserves of Cook County. Diakses tanggal 26 November 2015.
^ "How the first chain reaction changed science". University of Chicago. Diakses tanggal 22 November 2015.
^ "Chapter 1: Wartime Laboratory". ORNL Review. 25 (3 & 4). 2002. ISSN 0048-1262. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 25 August 2009. Diakses tanggal 22 March 2016.
^ "Frontiers: Research Highlights 1946–1996" (PDF). Argonne National Laboratory. 1996. hlm. 11. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2013-05-17. Diakses tanggal 23 March 2013.
^ Walsh, J. (1981). "A Manhattan Project Postscript" (PDF). Science. 212 (4501): 1369–1371. Bibcode:1981Sci...212.1369W. doi:10.1126/science.212.4501.1369. PMID 17746246.
^ Fermi, Enrico (1952). "Experimental Production of a Divergent Chain Reaction". American Journal of Physics. 20 (9): 536–558. Bibcode:1952AmJPh..20..536F. doi:10.1119/1.1933322. ISSN 0002-9505.
^ "The Chicago Pile 1 Pioneers". Argonne's Nuclear Science and Technology Legacy. Argonne National Laboratory. Diakses tanggal 28 November 2015.
^ "CP-1 Goes Critical". Department of Energy. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 22 November 2010.
^ "George Weil – from activator to activist" (PDF). New Scientist. 56 (822): 530–531. 30 November 1972. ISSN 0262-4079. Diakses tanggal 25 March 2016.
^ "The Italian Navigator Lands". Argonne's Nuclear Science and Technology Legacy. Argonne National Laboratory. 10 July 2012. Diakses tanggal 26 July 2013.
^ "Early Exploration: CP-1 (Chicago Pile 1 Reactor)". Argonne's Nuclear Science and Technology Legacy. Argonne National Laboratory. 21 May 2013. Diakses tanggal 26 July 2013.
^ "Promethean Boldness". Argonne's Nuclear Science and Technology Legacy. Argonne National Laboratory. 10 July 2012. Diakses tanggal 26 July 2013.
^ Fermi, Enrico (1946). "The Development of the first chain reaction pile". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 90 (1): 20–24. JSTOR 3301034.
^ McNear, Claire (5 March 2009). "The Way Things Work: Nuclear waste". The Chicago Maroon. Diakses tanggal 28 November 2015.
^ "Enrico Fermi, Nuclear Fission, US Patent No. 2,708,656, Inducted in 1976". National Inventors Hall of Fame. Diakses tanggal 6 October 2019.
^ "Leo Szilard, Nuclear Fission, US Patent No. 2,708,656, Inducted in 1996". National Inventors Hall of Fame. Diakses tanggal 11 September 2020.
^ "U. of C. to Raze Stagg Field's Atomic Cradle". Chicago Tribune. 26 July 1957. Diakses tanggal 28 November 2015.
^ "Remove Nuclear Site Plaque". Chicago Tribune. 16 August 1957. Diakses tanggal 28 November 2015.
^ "Site of the First Self-Sustaining Controlled Nuclear Chain Reaction". City of Chicago. Diakses tanggal 26 July 2013.
^ "Stagg Field / Mansueto Library". University of Chicago. Diakses tanggal 28 November 2015.
^ Site of the Fermi's "Atomic Pile" – First Nuclear Reactor di YouTube
^ "First-Hand Recollections of the First Self-Sustaining Chain Reaction". Department of Energy. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 27 March 2019. Diakses tanggal 23 September 2015.
^ "Milestone for new LEU research reactor fuel". World Nuclear News. 22 December 2017. Diakses tanggal 29 December 2017.

Referensi

Allardice, Corbin; Trapnell, Edward R. (December 1982). "The First Pile". The First Reactor (PDF). Oak Ridge, Tennessee: United States Atomic Energy Commission, Division of Technical Information. hlm. 1–21. OCLC 22115. Diakses tanggal 27 May 2017.
Amaldi, Ugo (2001). "Nuclear Physics from the Nineteen Thirties to the Present Day". Dalam Bernardini, C.; Bonolis, Luisa. Enrico Fermi: His Work and Legacy. Bologna: Società Italiana di Fisica: Springer. hlm. 151–176. ISBN 978-88-7438-015-2. OCLC 56686431.
Anderson, Herbert L. (1975). "Assisting Fermi". Dalam Wilson, Jane. All In Our Time: The Reminiscences of Twelve Nuclear Pioneers. Chicago: Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. hlm. 66–104. OCLC 1982052.
Bonolis, Luisa (2001). "Enrico Fermi's Scientific Work". Dalam Bernardini, C.; Bonolis, Luisa. Enrico Fermi: His Work and Legacy. Bologna: Società Italiana di Fisica: Springer. hlm. 314–394. ISBN 978-88-7438-015-2. OCLC 56686431.
Compton, Arthur (1956). Atomic Quest. New York: Oxford University Press. OCLC 173307.
Currie, L. M.; Hamister, V. C.; MacPherson, H. G. (1955). The Production and Properties of Graphite for Reactors. National Carbon Company. OCLC 349979.
Embrey, Lee Anna (1970). "George Braxton Pegram 1876–1958" (PDF). Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences. 41: 357–407. Diakses tanggal 23 November 2015.
Fermi, Enrico (December 1982). "Fermi's Own Story". The First Reactor (PDF). Oak Ridge, Tennessee: United States Atomic Energy Commission, Division of Technical Information. hlm. 22–26. OCLC 22115. Diakses tanggal 27 May 2017.
Groves, Leslie (1962). Now It Can Be Told: The Story of the Manhattan Project. New York: Harper. ISBN 978-0-306-70738-4. OCLC 537684.
Hewlett, Richard G.; Anderson, Oscar E. (1962). The New World, 1939–1946 (PDF). University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 978-0-520-07186-5. OCLC 637004643. Diakses tanggal 26 March 2013.
Hogerton, Hohn F. (1970). Nuclear Reactors (PDF). The understanding the atomic series. Oak Ridge, Tennessee: U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. OCLC 108834. Diakses tanggal 6 October 2019.
Holl, Jack M.; Hewlett, Richard G.; Harris, Ruth R. (1997). Argonne National Laboratory, 1946–96. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-02341-5.
Jones, Vincent (1985). Manhattan: The Army and the Atomic Bomb. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. OCLC 10913875.
Lanouette, William; Silard, Bela (1992). Genius in the Shadows: A Biography of Leo Szilard: The Man Behind The Bomb. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1-62636-023-5. OCLC 25508555.
Libby, Leona Marshall (1979). The Uranium People. New York: Crane, Russak. ISBN 978-0-8448-1300-4. OCLC 4665032.
Manhattan District (1947). Manhattan District History, Book IV – Pile Project X-10, Volume 2 – Research, Part 1 – Metallurgical Laboratory (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Manhattan District.
Nichols, Kenneth D. (1987). The Road to Trinity: A Personal Account of How America's Nuclear Policies Were Made. New York: William Morrow and Company. ISBN 978-0-688-06910-0. OCLC 15223648.
Nightingale, R.E. (1962). "Graphite in the Nuclear Industry". Dalam Nightingale, R.E. Nuclear Graphite. Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-4832-5848-5. OCLC 747492.
Rhodes, Richard (1986). The Making of the Atomic Bomb. London: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-44133-3.
Salvetti, Carlo (2001). "The Birth of Nuclear Energy: Fermi's Pile". Dalam Bernardini, C.; Bonolis, Luisa. Enrico Fermi: His Work and Legacy. Bologna: Società Italiana di Fisica: Springer. hlm. 177–203. ISBN 978-88-7438-015-2. OCLC 56686431.
Segrè, Emilio (1970). Enrico Fermi, Physicist. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-74473-5. OCLC 118467.
Wattenberg, Albert (1975). "Present at Creation". Dalam Wilson, Jane. All In Our Time: The Reminiscences of Twelve Nuclear Pioneers. Chicago: Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. hlm. 105–123. OCLC 1982052.
Weinberg, Alvin (1994). The First Nuclear Era: The Life and Times of a Technological Fixer. New York: AIP Press. ISBN 978-1-56396-358-2.
Zug, J. (2003). Squash: A History of the Game. New York: Scribner. ISBN 978-0-7432-2990-6. OCLC 52079735.

[1] Ölander, Arne. "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1956 – Award Ceremony Speech". The Nobel Foundation. Diakses tanggal 23 September 2015.

[2] Wellerstein, Alex (16 May 2014). "Szilard's chain reaction: visionary or crank?". Restricted Data. Diakses tanggal 23 September 2015.

[3] Szilard, Leo. "Improvements in or relating to the transmutation of chemical elements, British patent number: GB630726 (filed: 28 June 1934; published: 30 March 1936)". Diakses tanggal 23 September 2015.

[4] Hahn, O.; Strassmann, F. (1939). "Über den Nachweis und das Verhalten der bei der Bestrahlung des Urans mittels Neutronen entstehenden Erdalkalimetalle (On the detection and characteristics of the alkaline earth metals formed by irradiation of uranium with neutrons)". Die Naturwissenschaften. 27 (1): 11–15. Bibcode:1939NW.....27...11H. doi:10.1007/BF01488241.

[5] Meitner, Lise; Frisch, O. R. (1939). "Disintegration of Uranium by Neutrons: a New Type of Nuclear Reaction". Nature. 143 (3615): 239–240. Bibcode:1939Natur.143..239M. doi:10.1038/143239a0.

[6] Brasch, A.; Lange, F.; Waly, A.; Banks, T. E.; Chalmers, T. A.; Szilard, Leo; Hopwood, F. L. (8 December 1934). "Liberation of Neutrons from Beryllium by X-Rays: Radioactivity Induced by Means of Electron Tubes". Nature. 134 (3397): 880. Bibcode:1934Natur.134..880B. doi:10.1038/134880a0. ISSN 0028-0836.

[7] Anderson, H. L.; Booth, E. T.; Dunning, J. R.; Fermi, E.; Glasoe, G. N.; Slack, F. G. (1939). "The Fission of Uranium". Physical Review. 55 (5): 511–512. Bibcode:1939PhRv...55..511A. doi:10.1103/physrev.55.511.2.

[8] Anderson, H. L.; Fermi, E.; Hanstein, H. (16 March 1939). "Production of Neutrons in Uranium Bombarded by Neutrons". Physical Review. 55 (8): 797–798. Bibcode:1939PhRv...55..797A. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.55.797.2.

[9] Anderson, H.L. (April 1973). "Early Days of Chain Reaction". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc. 29 (4): 8–12. Bibcode:1973BuAtS..29d...8A. doi:10.1080/00963402.1973.11455466.

[10] "Alfred O. C. Nier". American Physical Society. Diakses tanggal 4 December 2016.

[11] Anderson, H.; Fermi, E.; Szilárd, L. (1 August 1939). "Neutron Production and Absorption in Uranium". Physical Review. 56 (3): 284–286. Bibcode:1939PhRv...56..284A. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.56.284.

[NAEtribute3-12] Weinberg, Alvin (1994a). "Herbert G. MacPherson". Memorial Tributes. National Academy of Engineering Press. 46 (7): 143–147. Bibcode:1993PhT....46g.103W. doi:10.1063/1.2808987 . ISSN 1075-8844.

[Bethe-13] Bethe, Hans A. (2000). "The German Uranium Project". Physics Today. American Institute of Physics. 53 (7): 34–36. Bibcode:2000PhT....53g..34B. doi:10.1063/1.1292473.

[Eatherly-14] Eatherly, W. P. (1981). "Nuclear graphite – the first years". Journal of Nuclear Materials. 100 (1–3): 55–63. Bibcode:1981JNuM..100...55E. doi:10.1016/0022-3115(81)90519-5.

[15] "Einstein's Letter to Franklin D. Roosevelt". Atomic Archive. Diakses tanggal 20 December 2015.

[16] "Pa, this requires action!". The Atomic Heritage Foundation. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 29 October 2012. Diakses tanggal 26 May 2007.

[IAEA-17] International Atomic Energy Agency. "Nuclear Data for Safeguards". www-nds.iaea.org. Diakses tanggal 16 August 2016.

[18] Bearak, Barry (16 September 2011). "Where Football and Higher Education Mix". The New York Times. Diakses tanggal 2 December 2015.

[Site_A-19] ""Site A" at Red Gate Woods & The World's First Nuclear Reactor". Forest Preserves of Cook County. Diakses tanggal 26 November 2015.

[20] "How the first chain reaction changed science". University of Chicago. Diakses tanggal 22 November 2015.

[21] "Chapter 1: Wartime Laboratory". ORNL Review. 25 (3 & 4). 2002. ISSN 0048-1262. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 25 August 2009. Diakses tanggal 22 March 2016.

[22] "Frontiers: Research Highlights 1946–1996" (PDF). Argonne National Laboratory. 1996. hlm. 11. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2013-05-17. Diakses tanggal 23 March 2013.

[23] Walsh, J. (1981). "A Manhattan Project Postscript" (PDF). Science. 212 (4501): 1369–1371. Bibcode:1981Sci...212.1369W. doi:10.1126/science.212.4501.1369. PMID 17746246.

[24] Fermi, Enrico (1952). "Experimental Production of a Divergent Chain Reaction". American Journal of Physics. 20 (9): 536–558. Bibcode:1952AmJPh..20..536F. doi:10.1119/1.1933322. ISSN 0002-9505.

[Pioneers-25] "The Chicago Pile 1 Pioneers". Argonne's Nuclear Science and Technology Legacy. Argonne National Laboratory. Diakses tanggal 28 November 2015.

[CP-1_Goes_Critical-26] "CP-1 Goes Critical". Department of Energy. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 22 November 2010.

[27] "George Weil – from activator to activist" (PDF). New Scientist. 56 (822): 530–531. 30 November 1972. ISSN 0262-4079. Diakses tanggal 25 March 2016.

[AHF-28] "The Italian Navigator Lands". Argonne's Nuclear Science and Technology Legacy. Argonne National Laboratory. 10 July 2012. Diakses tanggal 26 July 2013.

[cp1anl-29] "Early Exploration: CP-1 (Chicago Pile 1 Reactor)". Argonne's Nuclear Science and Technology Legacy. Argonne National Laboratory. 21 May 2013. Diakses tanggal 26 July 2013.

[cp1anl2-30] "Promethean Boldness". Argonne's Nuclear Science and Technology Legacy. Argonne National Laboratory. 10 July 2012. Diakses tanggal 26 July 2013.

[fermi-31] Fermi, Enrico (1946). "The Development of the first chain reaction pile". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 90 (1): 20–24. JSTOR 3301034.

[waste-32] McNear, Claire (5 March 2009). "The Way Things Work: Nuclear waste". The Chicago Maroon. Diakses tanggal 28 November 2015.

[33] "Enrico Fermi, Nuclear Fission, US Patent No. 2,708,656, Inducted in 1976". National Inventors Hall of Fame. Diakses tanggal 6 October 2019.

[34] "Leo Szilard, Nuclear Fission, US Patent No. 2,708,656, Inducted in 1996". National Inventors Hall of Fame. Diakses tanggal 11 September 2020.

[35] "U. of C. to Raze Stagg Field's Atomic Cradle". Chicago Tribune. 26 July 1957. Diakses tanggal 28 November 2015.

[36] "Remove Nuclear Site Plaque". Chicago Tribune. 16 August 1957. Diakses tanggal 28 November 2015.

[CL-37] "Site of the First Self-Sustaining Controlled Nuclear Chain Reaction". City of Chicago. Diakses tanggal 26 July 2013.

[38] "Stagg Field / Mansueto Library". University of Chicago. Diakses tanggal 28 November 2015.

[plaques-39] Site of the Fermi's "Atomic Pile" – First Nuclear Reactor di YouTube

[40] "First-Hand Recollections of the First Self-Sustaining Chain Reaction". Department of Energy. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 27 March 2019. Diakses tanggal 23 September 2015.

[41] "Milestone for new LEU research reactor fuel". World Nuclear News. 22 December 2017. Diakses tanggal 29 December 2017.

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Chicago Pile-1

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