Basa nukleotida

Pasangan basa nukleotida (warna biru) pada RNA.

Basa nukleotida (atau nukleobasa) merujuk pada bagian pada DNA dan RNA yang dapat terlibat dalam pemasangan basa (lihat pula pasangan basa), utamanya adalah sitosina, guanina, adenina (DNA dan RNA), timina (DNA) dan urasil (RNA), secara berurutan disingkat C, G, A, T, dan U. Dalam genetika, basa nukleotida tersebut biasanya hanya disebut sebagai basa atau basa N (N singkatan dari nitrogen, karena memiliki gugus amina yang beratom nitrogen). Karena A, G, C, dan T muncul pada DNA, molekul-molekul ini dsebut basa DNA, sedangkan A, G, C, dan U disebut basa RNA.

Urasil menggantikan timina pada RNA. Kedua basa ini identik terkecuali bahwa urasil kekurangan gugus 5' metil. Adenina dan guanina merupakan kelas molekul bercincin dua yang disebut purina (disingkat sebagai R). Sitosina, timina, dan urasil semuanya merupakan pirimidina (disingkat Y).

Basa yang secara kovalen berikatan dengan karbon 1' ribosa atau deoksiribosa disebut sebagai nukleosida, dan nukleosida yang memiliki gugus fosfat pada karbon 5' disebut sebagai nukleotida.

Selain adenosina (A), sitidina (C), guanosina (G), timidina (T) dan uridina (U), DNA dan RNA juga mengandung basa-basa yang telah dimodifikasi setelah rantai asam nukelat terbentuk. Pada DNA, basa satu-satunya yang dimodifikasi adalah 5-metilsitidina (m5C). Pada RNA, terdapat banyak basa yang dimodifikasi, meliputi pseudouridina (Ψ), dihidrouridina (D), inosina (I), ribotimidina (rT) dan 7-metilguanosina (m7G).[1][2]

Hipoxantina dan xantina merupakan salah satu basa yang terbentuk oleh keberadaan mutagen. Keduanya terbentuk melalui proses deaminasi. Hipoxantina dihasilkan dari adenina, dan xantina dari guanina.[3] Dengan cara yang sama, deaminasi sitosina menghasilkan urasil.

Struktur

  • Struktur kerangka adenina dan guanina merupakan purina, sehingga ia dinamakan basa purina.
  • Struktur kerangka sitosina, urasil, dan timina merupakan pirimidina, sehingga dinamakan basa pirimidina.

Basa utama

Basa-basa berikut terlibat dalam pemanjangan rantai selama sintesis RNA atau DNA.

Basa nukleotida
Struktur kimia adenina
Adenina
Struktur kimia guanina
Guanina
Struktur kimia timina
Timina
Struktur kimia sitosina
Sitosina
Struktur kimia uracil
Urasil
Nukleosida

Struktur kimia adenosina
Adenosina
A
Struktur kimia guanosina
Guanosina
G
Struktur kimia thimidina
Timidina
T
Struktur kimia sitidina
Sitidina
C
Struktur kimia uridina
Uridina
U

Basa purina yang dimodifikasi

Contoh-contoh adenosina dan guanosina yang dimodifikasi.

Basa nukleotida
Struktur kimia hipoxantina
Hipoxantina
Struktur kimia xantina
Xantina
Struktur kimia 7-Metilguanina
7-Metilguanina
Nukleosida

Struktur kimia inosina
Inosina
I
Struktur kimia xantinosina
Xantinosina
X
Struktur kimia 7-metilguanosina
7-Metilguanosina
m7G

Basa pirimidina yang dimodifikasi

Contoh-contoh sitidina, timidina, dan uridina yang dimodifikasi.

Basa nukleotida
Struktur kimia of urasil
Urasil
Struktur kimia dihidrourasil
5,6-Dihidrourasil
Struktur kimia 5-metilsitosina
5-Metilsitosina
Nucleosida

Struktur kimia pseudouridina
Pseudouridina
Ψ
Struktur kimia of dihidrouridina
Dihidrouridina
D
Struktur kimia 5-metilsitidina
5-Metilsitidina
m5C

Referensi

  1. ^ "BIOL2060: Translation". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-07-25. Diakses tanggal 2009-01-01. 
  2. ^ Research
  3. ^ T Nguyen, D Brunson, C L Crespi, B W Penman, J S Wishnok, and S R Tannenbaum, DNA damage and mutation in human cells exposed to nitric oxide in vitro, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 April 1; 89(7): 3030–3034

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