Bangkong tuli

Bangkong Tuli
Limnonectes kuhlii dari Jabranti, Karangkancana, Kuningan, Jawa Barat
Klasifikasi ilmiah
Kerajaan:
Filum:
Kelas:
Ordo:
Famili:
Genus:
Fitzinger, 1843
Spesies:
L. kuhlii
Nama binomial
Limnonectes kuhlii
(Tschudi, 1838)[2]
Sinonim
  • Rana kuhlii Tschudi, 1838[3]
  • Rana palmata Tschudi, 1838

Selengkapnya: AMNH.ASW[2]

Bangkong tuli adalah nama sejenis kodok yang pendek gempal, penghuni sungai-sungai kecil. Di Jawa Barat kadang-kadang disebut bancet hutan atau bangkong surat (Sd.). Nama ilmiahnya adalah Limnonectes kuhlii dan dalam bahasa Inggris disebut Kuhl’s Creek Frog, Kuhl's Wart Frog, atau Kuhl's Fanged Frog, untuk menghormati Heinrich Kuhl, seorang naturalis Belanda yang bekerja dan meninggal di Hindia Belanda pada awal abad-19. Nama lainnya dalam bahasa Inggris adalah Large-Headed atau Big-Headed (Mountain) Frog.[2]

Kodok ini pernah dianggap tersebar luas di Asia Tenggara,[4]:140,[1] akan tetapi sekarang diyakini hanya menyebar terbatas (endemik) di wilayah pegunungan di Jawa.[5]:76,[6][7][8][9]

Pemerian

Bersembunyi di sela bebatuan di dasar sungai Ciapus leutik, Calobak, Bogor
Menyamar di antara serasah di genangan air. Sungai Cirombeng, Jabranti, Kuningan

Kodok yang gemuk berotot, panjang tubuh dari moncong ke anus (SVL, snout-vent length) sampai dengan 80 mm pada kodok jantan, dan sekitar 70 mm pada yang betina. Kepala lebar dengan pelipis berotot, terutama pada hewan jantan, tangan dan kaki pendek berotot.[5]:76

Timpanum (gendang telinga) tidak jelas atau tidak tampak. Jari kaki berselaput renang penuh hingga ke ujung,[5]:76 jari tangan tanpa selaput renang.[10]:39

Kulit di punggung (dorsal) sangat berkerut-merut, sebagian membentuk pola serupa bintang; paha, betis dan pantat sering dengan bintil-bintil yang agak besar. Lipatan supratimpanik terlihat jelas.[5]:76 Warna punggung bervariasi dari polos kecoklatan atau kehitaman, sampai berbercak-bercak kecoklatan atau kehitaman,[10]:39 dengan belang-belang pada kaki.

Ekologi dan penyebaran

Bangkong tuli merupakan kodok pegunungan; menyukai hidup di aliran air yang tenang di bawah keteduhan vegetasi,[10]:39 di anak-anak sungai dan saliran yang tidak seberapa airnya, terutama pada genangan-genangan bercampur serasah daun-daunan. Juga di genangan di antara batu-batu tepi sungai, atau rawa-rawa dangkal berumput.[10]:39

Iskandar (1998) menyebutkan bahwa jenis ini endemik di wilayah pegunungan di Jawa, meskipun sebelumnya pernah dianggap menyebar luas di Asia. Menurutnya, populasi-populasi di luar Jawa kini telah dipisahkan ke dalam beberapa belas jenis yang lain.[5]:76

Di Jawa, bangkong tuli terutama tercatat dari gunung-gunung seperti G. Salak (Ciapus), G. Gede (Cibodas, Cibeureum), G. Halimun (Nirmala, Citalahab), Bandung (Pengalengan), G. Tangkubanperahu, G. Malabar, Peg. Ijen dan Peg. Tengger.[5]:76 Juga dari kawasan G. Tilu, Kuningan.

Jenis serupa

Dalam dua dekade terakhir telah dideskripsi beberapa banyak jenis-jenis baru dalam kelompok L. kuhlii. Kajian-kajian genetika dan filogeni telah mendapatkan sekitar 22 galur kekerabatan (klad); termasuk 1 klad di Jawa (L. kuhlii), 1 klad di Sumatera, 9 klad di Kalimantan, dan selebihnya di Asia Tenggara daratan.[11] Kajian yang lebih mendalam selanjutnya mendapatkan 17 klad yang belum diberi nama di Kalimantan.[12]

Jenis-jenis dalam kompleks L. kuhlii dan yang serupa dengannya, di antaranya:

Catatan kaki

  1. ^ a b Peter Paul van Dijk, Djoko Iskandar, Robert Inger, Michael Wai Neng Lau, Yang Datong, Annemarie Ohler, Lu Shunqing, Saibal Sengupta, Sabitry Bordoloi (2004). Limnonectes kuhlii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004: e.T58346A11769961. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T58346A11769961.en. Diakses tgl 27 Juli 2021.
  2. ^ a b c Frost, Darrel R. (2021). Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.1. Electronic Database accessible at https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. doi.org/10.5531/db.vz.0001 (Limnonectes kuhlii, diakses tgl 27/07/2021)
  3. ^ Tschudi, J.J. von (1838). Classification der Batrachier mit Berücksichtigung der fossilen Thiere dieser Abtheilung der Reptilien: p.40. Neuchâtel: Buchdruckerei von Petitpierre.
  4. ^ Inger, R.F. & R.B. Stuebing (1997). A Field guide to The Frogs of Borneo. Kota Kinabalu: Natural History Publications (Borneo) Sdn.Bhd.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Iskandar, D.T. (1998). Amfibi Jawa dan Bali. Bogor: Puslitbang Biologi LIPI.
  6. ^ a b Ye, C.-y., L. Fei, F. Xie, & J.-p. Jiang (2007). "A new Ranidae species from China — Limnonectes bannaensis (Ranidae: Anura)". Zoological Research/Dōngwùxué yánjiū. Kunming 28: 545–550.
  7. ^ a b McLeod, D.S. (2008). "A new species of big-headed, fanged dicroglossine frog (genus Limnonectes) from Thailand". Zootaxa 1807: 26–46.
  8. ^ a b c Matsui, M., S. Panha, W. Khonsue, & N. Kuraishi (2010). "Two new species of the “kuhlii” complex of the genus Limnonectes from Thailand (Anura: Dicroglossidae)". Zootaxa 2615: 1–22.
  9. ^ a b Dehling, J.M., & D.M. Dehling (2017). "A new wide-headed Fanged Frog of the Limnonectes kuhlii group (Anura: Dicroglossidae) from western Borneo with a redescription of Rana conspicillata Günther, 1872". Zootaxa 4317: 291–309. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4317.2.6
  10. ^ a b c d Kurniati, H. (2003). Amphibians and Reptiles of Gunung Halimun National Park, West Java, Indonesia. Bogor: Research Center for Biology - LIPI.
  11. ^ McLeod, D.S. (2010). "Of Least Concern? Systematics of a cryptic species complex: Limnonectes kuhlii (Amphibia: Anura: Dicroglossidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 56: 991–1000. PMID 20385247 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2010.04.004
  12. ^ Matsui, M., N. Kuraishi, K. Eto, A. Hamidy, K. Nishikawa, T. Shimada, P. Yambun Imbun, C.S. Vairappan, & M.Y.B. Hossman (2016). "Unusually high genetic diversity in the Bornean Limnonectes kuhlii-like fanged frogs (Anura: Dicroglossidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 102: 305–319. PMID 27374495. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.06.009 (laman ResearchGate)
  13. ^ Dehling, J.M. (2014). "Eine neue Fangzahnfroschart der Gattung Limnonectes (Anura: Dicroglossidae) vom Gunung Lawit, Malaiische Halbinsel". Sauria. Berlin 36: 17–30. (laman ResearchGate)
  14. ^ Pham, C.T., M.D. Le, T.T. Nguyen, T. Ziegler, Z.J. Wu, & T.Q. Nguyen (2017). "A new species of Limnonectes (Amphibia: Anura: Dicroglossidae) from Vietnam". Zootaxa 4269: 545–558.
  15. ^ a b Matsui, M., D.M. Belabut, & N. Ahmad (2014). "Two new species of fanged frogs from Peninsular Malaysia (Anura: Dicroglossidae)". Zootaxa 3881: 75–93. (laman ResearchGate)
  16. ^ McLeod, D.S., S.J. Horner, C. Husted, A.J. Barley, & D.T. Iskandar (2011). "“Same-same, but different”: an unusual new species of the Limnonectes kuhlii complex from West Sumatra (Anura: Dicroglossidae)". Zootaxa 2883: 52–64. (laman ResearchGate)
  17. ^ a b Inger, R.F., Boeadi, & A. Taufik (1996). "New species of ranid frogs (Amphibia: Anura) from Central Kalimantan, Borneo". Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 44: 363–369.
  18. ^ Matsui, M., K. Nishikawa, & K. Eto (2014). "A new burrow-utilising fanged frog from Sarawak, East Malaysia (Anura: Dicroglossidae)". Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 62: 679–687.
  19. ^ Matsui, M., & K. Nishikawa (2014). "Description of a New Species of Limnonectes from Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo (Dicroglossidae, Anura)". Current Herpetology. Kyoto 33: 135–147.
  20. ^ Matsui, M., A. Dubois, & A. Ohler (2013). "New replacement name for Rana paradoxa Mocquard, 1890 with designations of lectotypes for Rana paradoxa and Rana conspicillata Günther, 1872: both synonymized with Limnonectes kuhlii (Tschudi, 1838) (Dicroglossidae: Dicroglossinae)". Asian Herpetological Research. Serial 2, 4: 187–189. (laman ResearchGate)
  21. ^ Matsui, M. (2015). "A new species of Limnonectes from the border of East Kalimantan and Sarawak, Borneo Island (Anura, Dicroglossidae)". Current Herpetology. Kyoto 34: 120–127.
  22. ^ Siler, C.D., J.D. McVay, A.C. Diesmos, & R.M. Brown (2009). "A new species of fanged frog, genus Limnonectes (Amphibia: Anura: Dicroglossidae) from Southeast Mindanao Island, Philippines". Herpetologica 65: 105–114.

Pranala luar

(Inggris) Amphibian Species of the World 3.0, an Online Reference.

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