Bahasa Tuyuhun

Dituturkan di

Wilayah

Tiongkok bagian utara

Penutur

Rumpun bahasa
Para-Mongolik ? Tuyuhun Tampilkan klasifikasi manual Tuyuhun Tampilkan klasifikasi otomatis

Kode bahasa

ISO 639-3

–

Portal Bahasa

L • B • PW

Bahasa Tuyuhun (Hanzi tradisional: 吐谷渾; Hanzi sederhana: 吐谷浑; Pinyin: Tǔyùhún; juga dikenal sebagai ‘Azha dari aksara Tibet)^[1] adalah bahasa punah yang pernah dituturkan oleh di Kerajaan Tuyuhun yang pernah ada di Tiongkok bagian utara pada tahun 500 M. Keberadaan Tuyuhun dan bahasanya pertama kali dibuktikan dalam Kitab Song, yang disusun sekitar tahun 488 M.^[2]

Penggolongan

Alexander Vovin (2015) menggolongkan bahasa Tuyuhun yang telah punah sebagai sebuah bahasa Para-Mongolik, yang berarti bahwa Tuyuhun berkerabat dengan bahasa-bahasa Mongolik sebagai saudara, tetapi tidak diturunkan dari bahasa Proto-Mongolik.^[3] Tuyuhun sebelumnya telah digolongkan oleh Paul Pelliot (1921) sebagai sebuah bahasa Mongolik.^[4]

Kosakata

Shimunek (2017) merekonstruksi beberapa kata Tuyuhun sebagai berikut:^[5]

kata ganti orang kedua tunggal (爾): *čʰɪ [處] (transkripsi Bahasa Tionghoa Pertengahan Utara/NEMC: **tśʰɨ); Vovin (2015) merekonstruksi *čʰo, kata ganti orang kedua tunggal, setara dengan či. Hubungan kerabat antara bunyi /o/ dan /i/ dibuktikan dalam bahasa-bahasa Mongolik dan Khitan, sebagai contoh taqiya dalam Mongol Pertengahan vs. t[i].qo.a dalam Khitan.^[6]
"sungai" (川): *qɔl [ལ་] (*kʰol dalam Tibet Kuno) ~ [ལ་] (*kol dalam Tibet Kuno)
"militan" (武): *bu [戊] (*mbu dalam Tionghoa Pertengahan Akhir)
"abang" (兄): *aqañ [阿干] (**ɦakar̃ dalam Tionghoa Pertengahan Utara)
"ayah" (父) atau "hebat": *maʁa/*amaʁa [莫賀] (*magɣa dalam Tionghoa Pertengahan Utara)
"hebat": *maʁa [མ་ག] (*maga dalam Tibet Kuno)
"kaisar" atau "raja": *qʰaʁan [ཁ་གན་] (*kʰagan dalam Tibet Kuno) / **kʰaʁɣar̃ [可寒] ~ [可汗] (**kʰaʁɣar̃ dalam Tionghoa Pertengahan Awal Utara)
"permaisuri (妻) khaghan (可汗)": *qʰaʁʦʊn [恪尊] (**kʰagʦor̃ dalam Tionghoa Pertengahan Awal Utara)

Vovin (2015) juga merekonstruksi beberapa kata menggunakan bacaan Tionghoa Pertengahan Awal dari kumpulan leksikon Tuyuhun yang ditranskrip.

Morfologi

Akhiran dalam bahasa Tuyuhun:^[5]

*-čin/*-čiñ [ན་] (*ʧin dalam Tibet Kuno) berarti "memiliki".
*-yin/*-yiñ [寅] (**yir̃ dalam Tionghoa Pertengahan Utara Awal) menunjukkan akhiran atributivus-genitivus.

Referensi

^ Shimunek, Andrew E (2017). Languages of Ancient Southern Mongolia and North China: A Historical-Comparative Study of the Serbi or Xianbei Branch of the Serbi-Mongolic Language Family, with an Analysis of Northeastern Frontier Chinese and Old Tibetan Phonology.
^ Vovin, Alexander. 2015.Some notes on the Tuyuhun (吐谷渾) language: in the footsteps of Paul Pelliot
^ Vovin, Alexander. 2015. Some notes on the Tuyuhun (吐谷渾) language: in the footsteps of Paul Pelliot. In Journal of Sino-Western Communications, Volume 7, Issue 2 (December 2015).
^ Pelliot, Paul. 1921. "Note sur les Tou-yu-houen et les Sou-p'i." T'oung Pao, Second Series, Vol. 20, No. 5 (Dec. 1920 - Dec. 1921), pp.323-331.
^ ^a ^b Shimunek, Andrew (2017). Languages of Ancient Southern Mongolia and North China: a Historical-Comparative Study of the Serbi or Xianbei Branch of the Serbi-Mongolic Language Family, with an Analysis of Northeastern Frontier Chinese and Old Tibetan Phonology. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-10855-3. OCLC 993110372.
^ Vovin, Alexander. 2015. Some notes on the Tuyuhun (吐谷渾) language: in the footsteps of Paul Pelliot. In Journal of Sino-Western Communications, Volume 7, Issue 2 (December 2015).

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