PROFILPELAJAR.COM

Anti-Amerikanisme, Amerikanofobia^[1], atau sentimen anti-Amerika adalah kebencian, ketakutan, atau kekerasan terhadap Amerika Serikat, bangsa Amerika dan kebudayaannya, atau kebijakan pemerintahannya, khususnya kebijakan luar negerinya. Stereotip Amerika Serikat yang negatif meliputi anggapan bahwa orang Amerika itu agresif, arogan, tidak mau tahu, kelebihan berat badan, lusuh, terobsesi dengan uang, terlalu moralistis dan materialistis, dan merasa paling penting.^[2]

Pakar politik, Brendon O'Connor dari United States Studies Centre berpendapat bahwa anti-Amerikanisme tidak dapat dipisah sebagai fenomena yang konsisten. O'Conor juga mengatakan bahwa istilah ini bermula dari sekumpulan stereotipe, prasangka, dan kritik terhadap orang Amerika Serikat atau negara Amerika Serikat yang berubah menjadi kritik politis. Pakar politik lainnya dari Prancis, Marie-France Toinet, mengatakan bahwa pemakaian istilah ini "baru bisa dibenarkan apabila mengacu pada penolakan sistematis - semacam reaksi alergi - terhadap Amerika Serikat secara keseluruhan".^[3] Pengamat politik lainnya seperti Noam Chomsky dan Nancy Snow berpendapat bahwa penerapan istilah "anti-Amerika" ke negara lain ataupun penduduknya adalah sesuatu yang tidak masuk akal. Hal ini dikarenakan istilah tersebut mengimplikasikan ketidaksukaan terhadap pemerintah Amerika ataupun kebijakannya adalah sesuatu yang dilarang atau sebagai suatu kejahatan.^[4]^[5]

Pembahasan anti-Amerikanisme kadang tidak ikut menentukan penyebab sentimen ini dengan tepat (selain ketidaksukaan secara umum) sehingga istilah ini dipakai secara luas dengan berbagai cara. Karena itu pula, pendapat-pendapat yang tidak jelas pun bisa dicap anti-Amerika.^[6]

Lihat pula

Referensi

^ fr [Denis Lacorne], "Anti-Americanism and Americanophobia: A French Perspectives." (2005).
^ William Russell Melton. The new American expat: thriving and surviving overseas in the post-9/11 world. (Intercultural Press 2005. p. XIX.)
^ O'Connor, Brendan: "A Brief History of Anti-Americanism from Cultural Criticism to Terrorism" Diarsipkan 2006-08-20 di Wayback Machine., Australasian Journal of American Studies, July 2004, pp. 77–92
^ Chomsky, Noam (1993). "Totalitarian Culture in a Free Society". Internet Archive. Diakses tanggal 9 Juni 2023.
^ Snow, Nancy (2006). The Arrogance of American Power: What U.S. Leaders Are Doing Wrong and Why It's Our Duty to Dissent. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. hlm. 27ff. ISBN 0-7425-5373-6. OCLC 69992247.
^ O'Connor, Brendan, p 89.

Bacaan lanjutan

Armus, Seth D. French anti-Americanism(1930-1948): Critical Moments in a Complex History (2007)
Barclay, David E., and Elisabeth Glaser-Schmidt, eds. (2003). Transatlantic Images and Perceptions: Germany and America since 1776. Cambridge University Press.
Berendse, Gerrit-Jan (December 2003). "German Anti-Americanism in Context". Journal of European Studies. 33 (3): 333. doi:10.1177/0047244103040422.
Boyce, Robert. "When "Uncle Sam" became 'Uncle Shylock': Sources and Strength of French Anti-Americanism, 1919-1932," Histoire@Politique (April 2013) #19 text free online scholarly journal; in English
Buruma, Ian; Margalit, Avishai (2005). Occidentalism: The West in the Eyes of Its Enemies. New York: Penguin Press. ISBN 1-59420-008-4.
Chesnoff, Richard Z. (April 2005). The Arrogance of the French: Why They Can't Stand Us – and Why the Feeling Is Mutual. Sentinel. ISBN 1-59523-010-6.
Dean, John; Gabilliet, Jean-Paul (1996). European Readings of American Popular Culture. Greenwood Press.
Fabbrini, Sergio (September 2004). "Layers of Anti-Americanism: Americanization, American Unilateralism and Anti-Americanism in a European Perspective". European Journal of American Culture. 23 (2): 79–94. doi:10.1386/ejac.23.2.79/0.
Friedman, Max Paul. Rethinking Anti-Americanism: The History of an Exceptional Concept in American Foreign Relations (Cambridge University Press, 2012)
Gienow-Hecht, Jessica C. E. "Always blame the Americans: Anti-Americanism in Europe in the Twentieth Century", American Historical Review (2006) 111#4 pp. 1067–91 online free
Granatstein, J. L. (1996). Yankee Go Home? Canadians and Anti-Americanism.
Hodgson, Godfrey (2004). "Anti-Americanism and American Exceptionalism". Journal of Transatlantic Studies. 2 (1): 27–38. doi:10.1080/14794010408656805. ISSN 1479-4012.
Hollander, Paul (2004). Understanding Anti-Americanism: Its Origins and Impact at Home and Abroad.
Ickstadt, Heinz (2004). "Uniting a Divided Nation: Americanism and Anti-americanism in Post-war Germany". European Journal of American Culture. 23 (2): 157–170. doi:10.1386/ejac.23.2.157/0.
Joffe, Josef (2006). Überpower: The Imperial Temptation. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-33014-1.
Johnson, Chalmers Ashby (2004). Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire. Henry Holt. ISBN 0-8050-7559-3.
Kamalipour, Yahya R. ed. (1999) Images of the U.S. around the World: A Multicultural Perspective
Katzenstein, Peter J.; Robert O. Keohane (2005). Anti-americanisms in World Politics. Cornell University Press: Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences. ISBN 0-8014-7351-9.
Lacorne, Denis. "Anti-Americanism and Americanophobia: A French Perspective" (2005) online; also in Denis Lacorne and Tony Judt, eds. With Us or Against Us: Studies in Global Anti-Americanism (2007) pp 35-58
Lacorne, Denis and Tony Judt, eds. With Us or Against Us: Studies in Global Anti-Americanism (2007) excerpt and text search, essays by scholars in Europe and Asia
Larson, Eric Victor; Levin, Norman D.; Baik, Seonhae; Savych, Bogdan (2004). Ambivalent Allies? A Study of South Korean Attitudes toward the U.S. Rand. ISBN 0-8330-3584-3.
Markovits, Andrei S. (2007). Uncouth Nation: Why Europe Dislikes America. Princeton UP. ISBN 0-691-12287-3.
Nakaya, Andrea C. (ed.) (2005). Does the World Hate the United States?. Farmington Hills, Michigan: Greenhaven Press.
O'Connor, Brendon (July 2004). "A Brief History of Anti-Americanism: From Cultural Criticism to Terrorism". Australasian Journal of American Studies. 23 (1): 82.
O'Connor, Brendon; Griffiths, Martin, ed. (2005). The Rise of anti-Americanism. Routledge.
O'Connor, Brendon (ed.) (2007). Anti-Americanism: History, Causes, Themes. Greenwood Press. ISBN 1-84645-004-7.
O'Connor, Brendon; Griffiths, Martin (2006). The rise of anti-Americanism. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-36906-0.
Pells, Richard (1997). Not like Us: How Europeans Have Loved, Hated, and Transformed American Culture since World War II. New York: Basic Books.
Revel, Jean-François (2003). Europe's Anti-American Obsession. The View from Abroad. The American Enterprise Institute. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2003-12-04. Diakses tanggal 4 December 2003.
Revel, Jean-François (2003). Anti-Americanism. San Francisco: Encounter Books. ISBN 1-59403-060-X.
Roger, Philippe (2005). The American Enemy: The History of French Anti-Americanism. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-72369-0.
Rubin, Barry; Rubin, Judith Colp (2004). Hating America: A History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-530649-X.
Serodes, Fabrice (2005). "L'anglophobie est morte! Vive l'antiaméricanisme?". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2006-09-13. Diakses tanggal 2015-06-03.
Shiraev, Eric, and Vladimir Zubok. (2000) Anti‐Americanism in Russia: From Stalin to Putin
Strauss, David (1978). Menace in the West: The Rise of French Anti-Americanism in Modern Times. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-20316-4.
Sweig, Julia (2006). Friendly Fire: Losing Friends and Making Enemies in the Anti-American Century. PublicAffairs. ISBN 1-58648-300-5. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2006-07-17. Diakses tanggal 2015-06-03.
Swindells, Charles J. (2005). "Anti-Americanism and Its Discontents". New Zealand International Review. 30 (1): 8+. ISSN 0110-0262.
Trommler, Frank; McVeigh, Joseph (1990). "Volume 2: The Relationship in the Twentieth Century". America and the Germans: An Assessment of a Three-Hundred-Year History. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Woodward, C. Vann (1992). The Old World's New World. Oxford University Press.

Historiografi

Friedman, Max Paul. Rethinking Anti-Americanism: The History of an Exceptional Concept in American Foreign Relations (Cambridge University Press; 2012) 358 pages. Scholarly history of the concept of anti-Americanism and considers how the idea has affected American politics.
Klautke, Egbert (2011). "Anti-Americanism in Twentieth-Century Europe". Historical Journal. 64 (4): 1125–1139. doi:10.1017/S0018246X11000276.