Ambulacraria

Ambulacraria
Rentang waktu: Early Cambrian–Recent
Beragam bintang laut dan landak laut diantara cangkang kerang di zona intertidal berbatu pada Teluk Kachemak, Alaska selatan, Amerika Serikat.
Klasifikasi ilmiah Sunting klasifikasi ini
Domain: Eukaryota
Kerajaan: Animalia
Subkerajaan: Eumetazoa
Klad: ParaHoxozoa
Klad: Bilateria
Klad: Nephrozoa
Superfilum: Deuterostomia
Klad: Ambulacraria
Metschnikoff, 1881
Filum

Ambulacraria /ˌæmbjuːləˈkrɛəriə/, atau Coelomopora /siːləˈmɒpərə/, adalah sebuah filum yang mencakup echinodermata dan hemichordata.[1] Analisis filogenetika menyarankan bahwa echinodermata dan hemichordata berpisah pada sekitar 533 juta tahun lalu.[2] Ambulacraria adalah bagian dari deuterostoma, yaitu sebuah klad yang mencakup banyak Chordata, dan beberapa spesies punah yang masuk kedalam Vetulicolia.

Dua klad yang masih memiliki perwakilan hidup dari Ambulacraria adalah Echinodermata (bintang laut, bulu babi, bintang ular, teripang, bintang bulu, lili laut dan lain sebagainya) dan Hemichordata (cacing biji ek, Pterobranchia, dan kemungkinan graptolit). Kedua kelompok ini terkadang disebut sebagai deuterosteroma bawah.[3]

Penggolongan klad Xenacoelomorpha sebagai kelompok saudara Ambulacraria masih menjadi perdebatan hangat, dengan beberapa penulis berargumen bahwa klad tersebut harus ditempatkan pada tempat yang lebih basal pada metazoa[4][5][6], sementara menulis lainnya menekanban bahwa pilihan metode filogenetika terbaik mendukung posisi Xenacoelomorpha sebagai kelompok saudari Ambulacraria.[7][8]

Berikut dibawah adalah beberapa klad yang munngkin tergolong ke Ambulacraria batang:

Referensi

  1. ^ Cannon, Johanna Taylor; Vellutini, Bruno Cossermelli; Smith, Julian; Ronquist, Fredrik; Jondelius, Ulf; Hejnol, Andreas (2016). "Xenacoelomorpha is the sister group to Nephrozoa". Nature. 530 (7588): 89–93. Bibcode:2016Natur.530...89C. doi:10.1038/nature16520. PMID 26842059. 
  2. ^ Sea Cucumber Genome Imparts Insight on Genes Linked to Organ Regeneration
  3. ^ Lacalli, Thurston Castle. "Tutorial". Marine Invertebrate larvae: A study in morphological diversity. University of Saskatchewan. Diakses tanggal 2020-01-13. 
  4. ^ Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Giribet, Gonzalo; Dunn, Casey W.; Hejnol, Andreas; Kristensen, Reinhardt M.; Neves, Ricardo C.; Rouse, Greg W.; Worsaae, Katrine; Sørensen, Martin V. (June 2011). "Higher-level metazoan relationships: recent progress and remaining questions". Organisms, Diversity & Evolution. 11 (2): 151–172. doi:10.1007/s13127-011-0044-4. 
  5. ^ Rouse, Greg W.; Wilson, Nerida G.; Carvajal, Jose I.; Vriejenhoek, Robert C. (4 February 2016). "New deep-sea species of Xenoturbella and the position of Xenacoelomorpha". Nature. 530 (2): 94–97. Bibcode:2016Natur.530...94R. doi:10.1038/nature16545. PMID 26842060. 
  6. ^ Cannon, Johanna Taylor; Vellutini, Bruno Cossermelli; Smith III, Julian; Ronquist, Frederik; Jondelius, Ulf; Hejnol, Andreas (4 February 2016). "Xenacoelomorpha is the sister group to Nephrozoa". Nature. 530 (2): 89–93. Bibcode:2016Natur.530...89C. doi:10.1038/nature16520. PMID 26842059. 
  7. ^ Herve Philippe; et al. (3 June 2019). "Mitigating Anticipated Effects of Systematic Errors Supports Sister-Group Relationship between Xenacoelomorpha and Ambulacraria". Current Biology. 29 (11): 1818–1826. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.009 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. hdl:21.11116/0000-0004-DC4B-1 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 31104936. 
  8. ^ Paschalia Kapli; Maximilian J. Telford (11 December 2020). "Topology-dependent asymmetry in systematic errors affects phylogenetic placement of Ctenophora and Xenacoelomorpha". Science Advances. 6 (50): eabc5162. Bibcode:2020SciA....6.5162K. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abc5162 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMC 7732190 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 33310849 Periksa nilai |pmid= (bantuan). 
  9. ^ Caron, J.; Conway Morris, S.; Shu, D. (2010). "Tentaculate fossils from the Cambrian of Canada (British Columbia) and China (Yunnan) interpreted as primitive deuterostomes". PLOS ONE. 5 (3): e9586. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...5.9586C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009586 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMC 2833208 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 20221405. 

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