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Alotrop karbon

Delapan alotrop karbon: a) berlian, b) grafit, c) lonsdaleite, d) C60 buckminsterfullerene, e) C540, Fullerite f) C70, g) karbon amorf, dan h) carbon nanotube dinding tunggal.

Karbon mampu membentuk banyak alotrop karena bilangan valensi yang dimiliki oleh atom karbon. Salah satu alotrop karbon yang umum dikenal adalah berlian dan grafit. Akhir-akhir ini, semakin banyak jenis alotrop karbon baru yang diteliti dan ditemukan. Salah satunya seperti buckminsterfullerene (berbentuk bola), graphene (berbentuk lembaran), nanotube, nanobuds dan nanoribbons. Terdapat jenis alotrop karbon lainnya yang terbentuk pada suhu dan tekanan sangat tinggi.


Berlian

Berlian adalah salah satu alotrop karbon yang umum dikenal. Dengan tingkat kekerasan yang tinggi dan tingkat dispersi cahaya yang tinggi, berlian dimanfaatkan untuk keperluan industri dan perhiasan. Berlian adalah mineral alami yang terkeras. Tak ada bahan alami lainnya yang dapat memotong atau menggores berlian, kecuali berlian lain.


Grafit

Grafit, yang dinamai oleh Abraham Gottlob Werner pada tahun 1789, dari bahasa yunani γράφειν (graphein, "menggambar/menulis", untuk digunakan dalam pensil) adalah salah satu alotrop karbon yang paling umum. Tidak seperti berlian, grafit adalah penghantar listrik. . Selain itu, di dalam kondisi standar, grafit merupakan bentuk yang paling stabil dari karbon. Oleh karena itu, hal ini digunakan dalam bidang ilmu termokimia sebagai standar untuk mendefinisikan kalor pembentukan dari senyawa karbon.

Karbon amorf

Karbon amorf adalah karbon yang tidak memiliki struktur kristal.


Referensi

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