Alfabet

Alfabet adalah sebuah sistem tulisan yang berdasarkan lambang fonem vokal dan konsonan. Kata alfabet diambil dari bahasa Yunani, dari dua huruf pertama tulisan mereka yaitu alfa dan beta. Alfabet berbeda dengan abjad, yang biasanya tidak memiliki lambang vokal, dan berbeda dengan abugida dan aksara silabis, yang setiap hurufnya melambangkan fonem namun dalam bentuk suku kata.

Suatu fonem yang tidak dikandung dalam suatu alfabet dapat ditulis dengan dwihuruf atau tanda diakritik (akut, aksen, tilda, dsb), yang lazim terjadi dalam alfabet Latin. Contohnya dwihuruf /ng/ untuk fonem [ŋ] (konsonan sengau langit-langit belakang) dalam bahasa Indonesia; huruf N dengan tanda tilda (Ñ) untuk fonem [ɲ] (konsonan sengau langit-langit) dalam bahasa Spanyol.

Asal-usul alfabet

Teori munculnya asal-usul alfabet melibatkan dua pencapaian penting. Pencapaian pertama dilakukan di sepanjang pantai timur Mediterania antara tahun 1700 dan 1500 SM oleh sekelompok orang yang berasal dari Fenisia. Mereka berhasil menemukan sistem penulisan konsonan yang dikenal sebagai Semit Utara. Pencapaian kedua dilakukan oleh orang Yunani, yaitu penemuan karakter-karakter untuk mewakili huruf vokal. Penemuan ini terjadi pada kisaran tahun 800 dan 700 SM. Beberapa ahli mengganggap sistem penulisan Semit sebagai suatu silabari tanpa vokal dan sistem Yunani sebagai alfabet yang sebenarnya digunakan, kedua pencapaian penting tersebut dianggap sebagai bentuk-bentuk alfabet yang digunakan hingga saat ini hampir diseluruh belahan dunia.[1]

Metode Penulisan

Para sejarawan mengidentifikasi naskah Proto-Sinaitik sebagai sistem penulisan abjad pertama, terdiri dari 22 simbol yang diadaptasi dari hieroglif Mesir. Sistem simbol atau huruf ini dikembangkan oleh orang-orang yang berbicara dalam bahasa Semit di wilayah Timur Tengah skitar tahun 1700 SM. Kemudian sistem ini diperbaiki dan menyebar ke peradaban lain dan disebarkan oleh orang-orang Fenisia, mereka menyebarkan alfabet untuk masyarakat di Timur dan Asia, termasuk orang Arab, Yunani, Etruria sampai kepada wilayah barat seperti Spanyol. Alfabet yang dimulai dari Mesir inilah yang menjadi dasar dari alfabet modern yang kita kenal sekarang ini.[2]

Referensi

  1. ^ "Alphabet | Definition, History, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). 2024-02-21. Diakses tanggal 2024-02-24. 
  2. ^ Zulfikar, Fahri. "Siapa Penemu Huruf Abjad Alfabet?". detikedu. Diakses tanggal 2024-02-24. 

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