Agama asli Nusantara atau kepercayaan adat adalah agama-agama suku (agama bersahaja atau etnis) pribumi yang telah ada sebelum agama-agama asing masuk ke Nusantara.[catatan 1]
Kerohanian asli pada umumnya juga meliputi sejumlah aliran/organisasi kepercayaan baru yang didirikan di Nusantara.
Agama-agama asli Nusantara adalah agama/kepercayaan leluhur suku bangsa Austronesia serta bangsa Papua yang telah ada di Nusantara sebelum masuk agama-agama asing dari subbenua India (Hindu dan Buddha), Arab (Islam), Portugis (Kristen Katolik), Belanda (Kristen Protestan), dan Tiongkok (Konghucu).[1]
Sebelum Nusantara didiami bangsa berkulit cokelat (Austronesia), bangsa proto Melanesia (berkulit hitam) menganut kepercayaan monoteistik yang sekarang dikenal dengan nama kapitayan. Seiring dengan datangnya orang-orang Austronesia, kepercayaan itu turut dianut oleh mereka.[2]
Kepercayaan masyarakat purba telah mempunyai mitologi kaya serta wiracarita, memuliakan dewa-dewi, roh leluhur dan roh kekuatan alam yang menghuni air, gunung, hutan. Hakikat tak terlihat yang memiliki kekuatan supernatural ini disebut oleh orang Jawa, Sunda, Melayu, Bali sebagai Hyang dan oleh suku-suku Dayak sebagai Sangiang.
Beberapa dari agama asli masih hidup baik yang murni maupun telah gabungan (sinkretis) dengan agama asing, umpamanya agama Hindu Bali, Kejawen serta Masade (Islam Tua). Akan tetapi kepercayaan asli yang telah hilang bisa hidup sebagai agama rakyat di antara umat Islam atau Kristen di dalam praktik adat di luar agama resmi, misalnya syamanisme Melayu dan kepercayaan kaum Abangan Jawa.[3]
Keagamaan asli juga meliputi sejumlah aliran/organisasi kepercayaan baru (gerakan spiritual) yang didirikan di Nusantara pada abad ke-19–21-an dan terkait dengan agama-agama asli, yakni Saminisme, Subud, Sumarah, dll.[4] Namun, gagasan universal aliran kepercayaan di Indonesia sebagai sumber dari Tuhan YME dan hubungan pribadi dengan Dia[5] tidak menyiratkan mengikuti wajib kepada adat agamawi etnis.
Hingga kini, tak satu pun agama-agama asli Nusantara yang diakui di Indonesia selaku agama, hanya sebagai aliran kepercayaan terhadap Tuhan Yang Maha Esa. Sekaligus sesuai dengan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 dan Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia tertanggal 7 November 2017 dengan No. 97/PUU-XIV/2016, para penghayat kepercayaan dapat mencantumkan nama “penghayat kepercayaan” dalam dokumen kependudukan mereka dan memiliki hak yang sama-sama seperti para penganut enam agama.[6]
Untuk melegalkan status mereka, beberapa agama asli (Aluk Todolo, Kaharingan, Pemena, dan Tolotang) pada tahun 1970-an dan 80-an berada di bawah naungan agama resmi Hindu sebagai aliran-alirannya (lihat tentang agama Hindu di Sulawesi).
Majelis Luhur Kepercayaan Terhadap Tuhan Yang Maha Esa Indonesia (MLKI) adalah wadah tunggal sebagai payung bagi kumpulan-kumpulan kepercayaan.[7]
Berikut ialah daftar agama kuno asli Nusantara yang masih hidup:[catatan 2]
Agama asli Dayak di Kalimantan, teristimewa di Kalimantan Tengah, terhadap Tuhan Ranying Hatalla Langit. Kitab sucinya ialah Panaturan.[22]
Pada tahun 1980 umat agama ini berintegrasi dengan agama Hindu sebagai bagiannya (Majelis Besar Agama Hindu Kaharingan, MBAHK). Akan tetapi, sebagian kecil mereka menentang integrasi dan berpaham Kaharingan sebagai agama mandiri, yaitu Majelis Agama Kaharingan Indonesia (MAKI) di Kalimantan Tengah [36][37] serta Majelis Umat Kepercayaan Kaharingan Indonesia (MUKK Indonesia) di Kalimantan Selatan.[38]
Disebut juga Kebatinan, merupakan agama Jawa yang merupakan sinkretisme dari kepercayaan asli, agama Hindu Jawa, ajaran Siwa-Buddha, dan Sufisme.[23][24]
Agama adat suku bangsa Sunda, teristimewa subsuku urang Kanekes di Lebak, Banten, serta masyarakat Sunda Wiwitan Madrais (Djawa Sunda) di Cigugur, Kuningan, Jawa Barat.[31]
Agama Hindu Bali (agama Tirtha) serta agama Hindu Jawa, secara resmi sebagai agama Hindu Dharma berasal dari India, namun mengandung banyak kepercayaan dan upacara leluhur pribumi.[39]
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