Able Archer 83

Able Archer 83 adalah latihan pos komando Pakta Pertahanan Atlantik Utara (NATO) pada 2 November 1983^[1]^[2] yang mencakup seluruh Eropa Barat dan berpusat di Markas Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) di Casteau, sebelah utara kota Mons. Able Archer melakukan simulasi masa-masa eskalasi konflik yang berpuncak pada simulasi serangan nuklir DEFCON 1.^[3] Latihan militer ini juga memperkenalkan format komunikasi sandi yang baru, kesunyian radio, dan keikutsertaan sejumlah kepala pemerintahan.

Bentuk latihan 1983 yang realistis, ditambah hubungan memburuk antara Amerika Serikat dan Uni Soviet dan datangnya rudal nuklir Pershing II ke Eropa, membuat sejumlah anggota Politburo dan militer Soviet yakin bahwa Able Archer 83 adalah tipuan perang yang mengaburkan persiapan serangan pertama nuklir.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] Dengan kata lain, mereka khawatir bahwa apa yang NATO sebut sebagai "latihan perang yang dirancang mirip serangan" sebenarnya adalah serangan yang dirancang mirip latihan perang. Menanggapi latihan ini, Soviet menyiapkan pasukan nuklir mereka dan menempatkan pasukan udara di Jerman Timur dan Polandia dalam posisi siaga.^[7]^[8] Ini dikenal dengan sebutan kepanikan perang 1983.

Menurut berbagai sejarawan, kepanikan perang 1983 adalah salah satu masa yang menempatkan dunia di ambang perang nuklir setelah Krisis Rudal Kuba tahun 1962. Insiden yang lebih parah lagi adalah insiden roket Norwegia tahun 1995.^[9] Ancaman perang nuklir mereda seiring berakhirnya latihan ini pada tanggal 11 November.^[10]^[11]^[12]

Lihat pula

Catatan

Catatan kaki

^ Stephen J. Cimbala (2002). The Dead Volcano: The Background and Effects of Nuclear War Complacency. Greenwood Publishing Group. hlm. 92.
^ Nate Jones. "The Able Archer 83 Sourcebook". National Security Archive.
^ ^a ^b Benjamin B. Fischer (March 17, 2007). "A Cold War Conundrum: The 1983 Soviet War Scare". Central Intelligence Agency. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal Januari 14, 2009. Diakses tanggal Januari 13, 2009.
^ Andrew and Gordievsky, Comrade Kryuchkov's Instructions, 85–7.
^ Beth Fischer, Reagan Reversal, 123, 131.
^ Pry, War Scare, 37–9.
^ Oberdorfer, A New Era, 66.
^ SNIE 11–10–84 "Implications of Recent Soviet Military-Political Activities" Central Intelligence Agency, May 18, 1984.
^ John Lewis Gaddis and John Hashimoto. "COLD WAR Chat: Professor John Lewis Gaddis, Historian". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2005-09-01. Diakses tanggal December 29, 2005.
^ Andrew and Gordievsky, Comrade Kryuchkov’s Instructions, 87–8.
^ Pry, War Scare, 43–4.
^ http://www.nrk.no/nordland/fylkesleksikon/index.php/And%C3%B8yrakett_satte_Russland_i_krigsberedskap

Bacaan lanjutan

1983: The Brink of Apocalypse – Channel 4, Januari 5, 2008
Peter Scoblic, The U.S. versus Them. 2008

Referensi

Andrew, Christopher and Gordievsky, Oleg (1992). KGB: The Inside Story of Its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev. Harpercollins. ISBN 0-06-016605-3.
Andrew, Christopher and Gordievsky, Oleg, eds. (1993). Comrade Kryuchkov's Instructions: Top Secret Files on KGB Foreign Operations, 1975–1985. Stanford UP. ISBN 0-8047-2228-5.
Cimbala, Stephen J. (2001). Russia and armed persuasion. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-7425-0962-1.
Fischer, Benjamin B (1997). "A Cold War Conundrum". Center for the Study of Intelligence. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal Januari 9, 2008. Diakses tanggal Januari 8, 2008.
Fischer, Beth A (2000). The Reagan Reversal Foreign Policy and the End of the Cold War. University of Missouri Press. ISBN 0-8262-1287-5.
Gates, Robert M (1996). From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider’s Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 1-4165-4336-8.
Johnson, Richard William (1986). Shootdown: Flight 007 and the American Connection. Viking. ISBN 0-670-81209-9.
Oberdorfer, Don (1998). From the Cold War to a New Era: The United States and the Soviet Union, 1983–1991. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP. ISBN 0-8018-5922-0.
Powaski, Ronald E. (2003). Return to Armageddon: The United States and the Nuclear Arms Race, 1981–1999. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-516098-3.
Pry, Peter Vincent (1999). War Scare: Russia and America on the Nuclear Brink. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-275-96643-7.
Reagan, Ronald (1990). An American Life: The Autobiography. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-671-69198-8.
Schmalz, Roman (2007). My Life in Stalin's Russia. Tate Publishing. ISBN 1-59886-570-6.
Testimony of Oleg Gordievsky to Congress, House Committee on Armed Services, Subcommittee of Military Research and Development, Hearing on Russian Threat Perceptions and Plans for U.S. Sabotage, 106th cong., 1st sess., 1999-10-26.
Steven Rosefielde, Daniel Quinn Mills (2004). Masters of Illusions: American Leadership in the Media Age. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 253. ISBN 0-521-85744-9.

Pranala luar

"The Able Archer 83 Sourcebook" by Nate Jones at the National Security Archive
Countdown to Declassification: Finding Answers to a 1983 War Scare by Nate Jones for the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
"The 1983 War Scare Soviet 'Huffing and Puffing?' 'Crying Wolf?' 'Rattling Pots and Pans?' or 'A Real Worry That We Could Come into Conflict through Miscalculation?'" by Nate Jones at the National Security Archive
"'Blue's use of nuclear weapons did not stop Orange's aggression.' Able Archer 83 Declassified" by Nate Jones at the National Security Archive
"'Rather Stunning Array of Indicators' of the Soviet Reaction to Able Archer 83 had 'A Dimension of Genuineness ... Often Not Reflected in Intelligence Issuances.'" by Nate Jones at the National Security Archive
“One Misstep Could Trigger a Great War”: Operation RYAN, Able Archer 83, and the 1983 War Scare by Nate Jones
"Operation RYAN, Able Archer 83, and Miscalculation: The War Scare of 1983" Diarsipkan 2008-11-22 di Wayback Machine. by Nate Jones.
"Implications of Recent Soviet Military-Political Activities" Diarsipkan 2011-05-22 di Wayback Machine., a declassified CIA publication from October 1984 that describes Soviet fears of a US attack.
Did East German Spies Prevent A Nuclear War? Diarsipkan 2008-11-12 di Wayback Machine. by Vojtech Mastny.
CNN Cold War – Spotlight: War games Diarsipkan 2008-12-19 di Wayback Machine.
NATO First Strike Doctrine Diarsipkan 2008-10-12 di Wayback Machine. – The NATO nuclear policy at the time of Able Archer
The Straight Dope: Operation Able Archer: Were the United States and the Soviet Union on the brink of nuclear war? Diarsipkan 2008-11-20 di Wayback Machine.
"The Presidency in the Nuclear Age, Panel 3". C-SPAN. 12 October 2009. Diakses tanggal 28 March 2015. ; Panel discussion hosted by Caroline Kennedy with Kenneth Adelman, Thomas Graham Jr., Marvin Kalb, Richard Rhodes, and Nicholas Thompson
CIA official page on the Able Archer exercise Diarsipkan 2009-01-14 di Wayback Machine.
1983: The most dangerous year by Andrew R. Garland, University of Nevada, Las Vegas

Politik Uni Soviet 1964–1985

Peristiwa 1964–1982

Peristiwa 1982–1985

Anggota Politburo

Ekonomi nasional

Reformasi	1965 1973 1979 Program Pangan 1984
Rencana Lima Tahun	Rencana ke-8 Rencana ke-9 Rencana ke-10 Rencana ke-11

Keluarga Brezhnev

Portal Uni Soviet

1940-an

1950-an

1960-an

1970-an

1980-an

1990-an

Kebijakan luar negeri

Ideologi

Kapitalisme	Liberalisme Mazhab Chicago Keynesianisme Monetarisme Ekonomi neoklasik Reaganomics Ekonomi sisi penawaran Thatcherisme
Komunisme	Sosialisme Marxisme–Leninisme Castroisme Eurokomunisme Guevarisme Hoxhaisme Juche Maoisme Naxalisme Stalinisme Titoisme
Lainnya	Imperialisme Anti-imperialisme Nasionalisme Ultranasionalisme Chauvinisme Nasionalisme etnis Rasisme Zionisme Fasisme Neo-Nazisme Islamisme Totaliterisme Otoritarianisme Autokrasi Demokrasi liberal Demokrasi iliberal Demokrasi terpimpin Demokrasi sosial Third-Worldisme Supremasi kulit putih Nasionalisme kulit putih Separatisme kulit putih Apartheid

Organisasi

Propaganda

Perlombaan

Sejarawan

Lihat pula

Read other articles:

Kerang batu

Cardiidae Kulit kerang Cardiidae. Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Animalia Filum: Mollusca Subfilum: Invertebrata Kelas: Bivalvia Ordo: Cardiida Superfamili: Cardioidea Famili: Cardiidae Genus Acanthocardia Americardia Cardium Cerastoderma Clinocardium Corculum Ctenocardia Dinocardium Discors Fragum Fulvia Laevicardium Lophocardiium Lyrocardium Lunulicardia Microcardium Nemocardium Papyridea Parvicardium Plagiocardium Ringicardium Trachycardium Trigoniocardia Serripes Cardiidae atau kerang batu...

List of Dragon Ball chapters (series)

List_of_Dragon_Ball_chapters_(series)

First tankōbon volume of Dragon Ball, released in Japan on September 10, 1985 Dragon Ball is a Japanese manga series, written and illustrated by Akira Toriyama. The story follows the adventures of Son Goku, a child who goes on a lifelong journey beginning with a quest for the seven mystical Dragon Balls. Along the way, he goes through many rigorous martial arts training regimens and educational programs, defeats a series of increasingly powerful martial artists, and becomes the top martial ...

Distrik Federal Kaukasus Utara

Distrik_Federal_Kaukasus_Utara

Koordinat: 43°42′41″N 44°48′22″E / 43.7114°N 44.8061°E / 43.7114; 44.8061 Distrik Federal Kaukasus Utara Северо-Кавказский федеральный округDistrik federal di RusiaLokasi Distrik Federal Kaukasus UtaraNegara RusiaDidirikan19 Januari 2010Pusat administrasiPyatigorskPemerintahan • Utusan PresidenYury ChaikaLuas[1] • Total170.400 km2 (65,800 sq mi)Peringkatke-8Populasi (Se...

Kuyavian–Pomeranian Voivodeship

Kuyavian–Pomeranian_Voivodeship

Voivodeship of Poland Voivodeship in PolandKuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship Województwo kujawsko-pomorskieVoivodeship FlagCoat of armsBrandmarkLocation within PolandDivision into countiesCountry PolandSeatsBydgoszcz (voivode), Toruń (executive board, Sejmik)Counties 4 cities, 19 land counties * BydgoszczGrudziądzToruńWłocławekAleksandrów CountyBrodnica CountyBydgoszcz CountyChełmno CountyGolub-Dobrzyń CountyGrudziądz CountyInowrocław CountyLipno CountyMogilno CountyNakło Count...

Stasiun Mojikō

JA 31 Stasiun Mojikō門司港駅 Stasiun Mojikō pada Agustus 2019Lokasi2-5 Nishi-Kaigan, Moji-ku, Kitakyushu-shi, Fukuoka-kenJepangOperator JR KyushuJalur■ Jalur Utama KagoshimaLayanan Heichiku melalui Stasiun Museum Perkeretaapian KyushuInformasi lainSitus webwww.jrkyushu.co.jp/EkiApp?LISTID=502&EKI=91101010SejarahDibuka01 April 1891 (1891-04-01)Sunting kotak info • L • BBantuan penggunaan templat ini Stasiun Mojikō (門司港駅code: ja is deprec...

Crystal Peak (Tenmile Range)

Crystal_Peak_(Tenmile_Range)

For other uses, see Crystal Peak (disambiguation). Mountain in Colorado, United States Crystal PeakCrystal Peak viewed from Peak 8Highest pointElevation13,859 ft (4,224 m)[1][2]Prominence632 ft (193 m)[2]Isolation0.91 mi (1.46 km)[2]Coordinates39°26′04″N 106°06′52″W / 39.4344319°N 106.1144652°W / 39.4344319; -106.1144652[3]GeographyCrystal PeakColorado LocationSummit County, Colorado...

Associazione Calcio Prato 1946-1947

Associazione_Calcio_Prato_1946-1947

Voce principale: Associazione Calcio Prato. Questa voce sull'argomento stagioni delle società calcistiche italiane è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Associazione Calcio PratoStagione 1946-1947Sport calcio Squadra Prato Allenatore Alfredo Notti, poi Mario Genta Presidente Vincenzo Giarrè Serie B15º posto nel girone B. Maggiori presenzeCampionato: Pasin (37) Miglior marcatoreCampion...

1919 Polish parliamentary election

1919_Polish_parliamentary_election

1919 Polish parliamentary election 26 January 1919 (1919-01-26) 1922 → All 394 seats in Legislative Sejm198 seats needed for a majority Party Leader % Seats ZLN Wojciech Korfanty 28.96 140 PSL Wyzwolenie Błażej Stolarski 15.05 59 ŻRN Izaak Grünbaum 10.80 11 PPS Ignacy Daszyński 9.23 35 PSL Piast Wincenty Witos 4.17 46 PZL Józef Ostachowski 3.80 35 PSL Lewica Jan Stapiński 3.54 12 SKL Leon Wałęga 1.83 18 German lists − 1.73 2 NZR Stanisław Nowicki 1.21 32...

The Railway Magazine

The_Railway_Magazine

British railway magazine For the magazine founded in 1835 by Effingham Wilson and John Herapath, see Railway Gazette International. The Railway MagazineCover of the October 1901 issue. Typical for early 20th century: only the colours, issue number, date and volume changed from month to monthEditorPaul BickerdykeFormer editorsSee belowCategoriesRailwayFrequencyMonthlyCirculation 37,291(January–December 2015)[1]First issueJuly 1897CompanyMortons of HorncastleCountryUnited KingdomBased...

كأس ديفيز 1956

هذه المقالة تحتاج للمزيد من الوصلات للمقالات الأخرى للمساعدة في ترابط مقالات الموسوعة. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة وصلات إلى المقالات المتعلقة بها الموجودة في النص الحالي. (أغسطس 2019) كأس ديفيز 1956 تفاصيل الموسم كأس ديفيز النسخة 45 البطل منتخب أستراليا لكأس �...

Ander Capa

Ander_Capa

Spanish footballer In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Capa and the second or maternal family name is Rodríguez. Ander Capa Capa with Eibar in 2017Personal informationFull name Ander Capa Rodríguez[1]Date of birth (1992-02-08) 8 February 1992 (age 32)[2]Place of birth Portugalete, Spain[2]Height 1.76 m (5 ft 9 in)[1]Position(s) Right-back, wingerTeam informationCurrent team LevanteNumber 2Youth career2001–2002 ...

Pinkvilla

Indian online entertainment website PinkvillaOfficial logo of PinkvillaType of siteEntertainment news siteAvailable in English Hindi Founded2007HeadquartersMumbai, MaharashtraCountry of originIndiaArea servedWorldwideFounder(s)Nandini ShenoyCEONandini ShenoyIndustry Entertainment Lifestyle Arts ParentMahindra GroupURLwww.pinkvilla.comLaunchedMay 2007; 17 years ago (2007-05).Current statusActive Pinkvilla is an Indian entertainment and lifestyle platform.&...

土库曼斯坦总统

土库曼斯坦总统土库曼斯坦国徽土库曼斯坦总统旗現任谢尔达尔·别尔德穆哈梅多夫自2022年3月19日官邸阿什哈巴德总统府（Oguzkhan Presidential Palace）機關所在地阿什哈巴德任命者直接选举任期7年，可连选连任首任萨帕尔穆拉特·尼亚佐夫设立1991年10月27日土库曼斯坦土库曼斯坦政府与政治国家政府土库曼斯坦宪法国旗国徽国歌立法機關（英语：National Council of Turkmenistan） ...

عيد الغدير

عيد الغدير رسم رمزي لواقعة رفع الرسول محمد يد علي أثناء خطبة غدير خم يحتفل به الشيعة الإثني عشرية والزيدية والعلويون والإسماعيليون النزارية نوعه عيد ديني أهميته ذكرى تنصيب علي وليًّا على المسلمين بعد الرسول محمد تاريخه 18 ذو الحجة من كل عام هجري الاحتفالات يحتفل به الشيعة ...

Henfenfeld

Henfenfeld. Henfenfeld adalah kota yang terletak di distrik Nürnberger Land di Bayern, Jerman. Kota Henfenfeld memiliki luas sebesar 6.64 km². Henfenfeld pada tahun 2006, memiliki penduduk sebanyak 1.857 jiwa. lbsKota dan kotamadya di Nürnberger Land Alfeld Altdorf bei Nürnberg Burgthann Engelthal Feucht Happurg Hartenstein Henfenfeld Hersbruck Kirchensittenbach Lauf an der Pegnitz Leinburg Neuhaus an der Pegnitz Neunkirchen am Sand Offenhausen Ottensoos Pommelsbrunn Reichenschwand R...

العملية ميسي (مسلسل)

العملية_ميسي_(مسلسل)

العملية ميسي النوع كوميدي، فانتازيا تأليف إيهاب إمام (قصة)مصطفى صقر (إشراف على السيناريو)محمد عز الدين (إشراف على السيناريو)مصطفى حلمي (سيناريو و حوار)أحمد سعد (سيناريو و حوار)تامر نادي (سيناريو و حوار) إخراج أحمد مناويشيأحمد صالح بطولة أحمد حلمي البلد مصر لغة العمل ‍الع...

City Market (Charleston, South Carolina)

City_Market_(Charleston,_South_Carolina)

United States historic placeMarket Hall and ShedsU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesU.S. National Historic LandmarkU.S. National Historic Landmark DistrictContributing Property Market HallShow map of South CarolinaShow map of the United StatesLocation188 Meeting St., Charleston, South CarolinaCoordinates32°46′49″N 79°55′53″W / 32.78028°N 79.93139°W / 32.78028; -79.93139Area.33 acres (1,300 m2)[1]Built1841ArchitectEdward Brickell WhiteArc...

Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted (soundtrack)

Madagascar_3:_Europe's_Most_Wanted_(soundtrack)

2012 soundtrack album by Hans ZimmerMadagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted (Music from the Motion Picture)Soundtrack album by Hans ZimmerReleasedJune 5, 2012Recorded2011–2012GenreClassicalreggae popdance pophip hopLength40:25LabelInterscopeProducerHans ZimmerMadagascar soundtrack chronology Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa(2008) Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted(2012) Penguins of Madagascar(2014) Hans Zimmer chronology Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows(2011) Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wa...

Urban area

Human settlement with high population density and infrastructure of built environment Built up area redirects here. For the Highway Code, see Built-up area (Highway Code). Urban agglomeration redirects here. For city clusters, see Megalopolis. Greater Tokyo in Japan, the world's most populated urban area, with about 40 million inhabitants as of 2022 Greater São Paulo at night, as seen from the International Space Station Greater Melbourne at night, as seen from the International Space Statio...

Dolby Theatre

Live-entertainment auditorium in Los Angeles, United States Not to be confused with Dolphy Theatre. This article is about the venue in Los Angeles. For the cinema screen concept, see Dolby Cinema. For the venue in Las Vegas, see Dolby Live. Dolby TheatreThe front facade of the Dolby Theatre at Ovation Hollywood, the actual theatre is at the rear of the complex.Interactive map of the Dolby Theatre's locationFormer namesKodak Theatre (2001–2012)Location6801 Hollywood BoulevardHollywood, Calif...